Assessment of electrically-driven vehicles in terms of emission impacts and energy requirements: a case study for Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract Emissions caused by the transportation sector account for a significant portion of the total emissions causing global warming. These emissions must be considered, especially for metropolitan cities with large numbers of vehicles on roads. Traffic congestion in such metropolitan areas is another reason for the evaluation of different technologies to be utilized in the transportation sector. Istanbul, with a population of approximately 13 million people using approximately 3 million road vehicles, is a suitable example of such metropolitan areas with many traffic problems. Thus, in this study, an assessment of electrically-driven vehicle (EDV) utilization instead of conventional vehicular systems for Istanbul is performed. The possible effects of urban road transportation electrification on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission reduction and the economic benefit in the carbon trade market are investigated. In addition, the possibility of supplying the required vehicle charging energy from renewable sources is also evaluated. Thus, the main contributions of this study are the evaluation of the environmentally friendly operation of EDVs and the investigation of different penetration ratios of EDVs in energy and investment requirements as well as environmental factors. In addition, predictions are provided for the future market of EDVs, accounting for both the use of EDVs and electricity production to obtain highly accurate results. Consequently, a basis for the evaluation of the possible market penetration rate of EDVs is presented. Additionally, the use of sustainable transportation in such metropolitan areas is investigated in this study.

[1]  Pablo Frías,et al.  Impact of vehicle-to-grid on power system operation costs: The Spanish case study , 2012 .

[2]  M. O’Mahony,et al.  Travel to work in Dublin. The potential impacts of electric vehicles on climate change and urban air quality , 2011 .

[3]  Jacques Leonardi,et al.  Evaluating the use of an urban consolidation centre and electric vehicles in central London , 2011 .

[4]  Katalin M. Hangos,et al.  Reduction of power losses with smart grids fueled with renewable sources and applying EV batteries , 2012 .

[5]  Andrew Harrison,et al.  A new comparison between the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles , 2012 .

[6]  Burkhard Schade,et al.  Leaving fossil fuels behind? An innovation system analysis of low carbon cars , 2013 .

[7]  C. E. Thomas,et al.  Fuel cell and battery electric vehicles compared , 2009 .

[8]  Wei Zhou,et al.  A novel optimization sizing model for hybrid solar-wind power generation system , 2007 .

[9]  A. Perujo,et al.  The introduction of electric vehicles in the private fleet: Potential impact on the electric supply system and on the environment. A case study for the Province of Milan, Italy , 2010 .

[10]  Michael Metz,et al.  Electric vehicles as flexible loads – A simulation approach using empirical mobility data , 2012 .

[11]  Thomas Bräunl,et al.  Modelling the impacts of electric vehicle recharging on the Western Australian electricity supply system , 2011 .

[12]  Damon Honnery,et al.  Greening passenger transport: a review , 2013 .

[13]  Nigel P. Brandon,et al.  Comparative analysis of battery electric, hydrogen fuel cell and hybrid vehicles in a future sustainable road transport system , 2010 .

[14]  George Gross,et al.  A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation , 2009 .

[15]  Mike Duke,et al.  The feasibility of long range battery electric cars in New Zealand , 2009 .

[16]  Ali Naci Celik,et al.  Review of Turkey's current energy status: A case study for wind energy potential of Çanakkale province , 2011 .

[17]  Qingyu Zhang,et al.  Vehicle emission inventories projection based on dynamic emission factors: A case study of Hangzhou, China , 2008 .

[18]  Pavol Bauer,et al.  Exploring design scenarios for large-scale implementation of electric vehicles; the Amsterdam Airport Schiphol case , 2013 .

[19]  William J. Smith,et al.  Can EV (electric vehicles) address Ireland's CO2 emissions from transport? , 2010 .

[20]  Christopher J. Koroneos,et al.  Comparative economic and environmental analysis of conventional, hybrid and electric vehicles – the case study of Greece , 2013 .

[21]  Nina Juul,et al.  Road transport and power system scenarios for Northern Europe in 2030 , 2012 .

[22]  Max Åhman,et al.  Primary energy efficiency of alternative powertrains in vehicles , 2001 .

[23]  Önder Güler,et al.  Wind Characteristics Analyses and Determination of Appropriate Wind Turbine for Amasra—Black Sea Region, Turkey , 2010 .

[24]  Önder Güler,et al.  Evaluation of wind energy investment interest and electricity generation cost analysis for Turkey , 2010 .

[25]  Luis M. Abadie,et al.  European CO2 prices and carbon capture investments , 2008 .

[26]  C. Brand,et al.  The UK transport carbon model: An integrated life cycle approach to explore low carbon futures , 2012 .

[27]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Electric-drive vehicles for peak power in Japan , 2000 .

[28]  Filipe Moura.  Driving Energy System Transformation with "Vehicle-to-Grid" Power , 2006 .