Pre‐eclampsia and heart failure: a close relationship

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by signs (e.g., pulmonary crackles, peripheral edema, jugular turgor) and symptoms (e.g., breathlessness, fatigue, ankle swelling) caused by structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities and leading to elevated intracardiac pressure and/or low cardiac output (CO) at rest or during stress.

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