Contraintes préférentielles et ordre des mots en français

Cette these propose une approche experimentale de la linguistique a travers l'etude de la notion de contrainte preferentielle et son application a deux phenomenes d'ordre en francais : la position de l'adjectif epithete ainsi que l'ordre relatif des deux complements sous-categorises par le verbe et apparaissant en position postverbale. Les contraintes preferentielles sont definies comme des contraintes qui n'affectent pas la grammaticalite mais l'acceptabilite des phrases. Nous emettons l'hypothese selon laquelle ces contraintes constituent des proprietes specifiques a la langue dont il faut rendre compte dans le champ de la linguistique. Sur le plan methodologique, l'etude de ces contraintes est rendue problematique par leur nature : etant donne qu'elles n'agissent pas sur la grammaticalite des phrases, elles echappent aux methodes traditionnelles de la syntaxe (introspection et jugement de grammaticalite). Il est donc necessaire de definir des outils permettant leur description et leur analyse. Les methodes envisagees sont l'analyse statistique de donnees de corpus, inspiree des travaux de Bresnan et al. (2007) et de Bresnan & Ford (2010), et, dans une moindre mesure, l'experimentation psycholinguistique. En ce qui concerne la position de l'adjectif, nous testons la plupart des contraintes rencontrees dans la litterature et nous proposons une analyse statistique de donnees extraites du corpus French Treebank. Nous montrons notamment l'importance de l'item adjectival ainsi que de l'item nominal avec lequel il se combine. Certaines contraintes syntaxiques concernant la configuration du syntagme adjectival et du syntagme nominal jouent egalement un role dans le choix de la position. Le travail concernant l'ordre relatif des complements du verbe est mene sur un echantillon de phrases extraites de deux corpus journalistiques (French Treebank et Est-Republicain) et de deux corpus d'oral (ESTER et C-ORAL-ROM). Nous montrons l'importante influence du poids des constituants dans le choix de l'ordre : l'ordre court avant long, caracteristique d'une langue SVO comme le francais, est respecte dans plus de 86% des cas. Nous mettons egalement a jour le role fondamental du lemme verbal associe a sa classe semantique, annotee a partir du dictionnaire de Dubois & Dubois-Charlier (1997). Enfin, en nous appuyant sur l'analyse des donnees de corpus ainsi que sur deux questionnaires d'elicitation de jugement d'acceptabilite, il semble que ni caractere anime, ni l'opposition 'donne/nouveau' (Prince, 1981) n'ait une influence sur l'ordre des complements, ce qui semble aller a l'encontre d'observations faites dans d'autres langues comme l'anglais ou l'allemand.

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