Imprinting in plants

This review discusses the modern issues in epigenetic regulation in plants related to the imprinting at the levels of genome, locus, and gene. The data described follow the historical order: from the beginning of research into non-crossability of plant forms with different ploidies to the recent communications about allelic imprinting at r1 locus of maize and the control of synthesis of storage proteins with a high forage value. The classical experiments of Kermicle and Lin on the cytogenetic confirmation of the role of parental genome ratio in the endosperm in a successful development of viable caryopses are described in detail. Uniqueness of the experimental technique used by these authors is emphasized. The variants for overcoming the effect of imprinted signal in apomicts and plants with a tetrasporic embryo sac are considered. A considerable attention is paid to the imprinting in the species with polyploid series and to the hypothesis of endosperm balance number. The issues of potential practical application of imprinting in breeding practice are discussed. The results obtained in this direction demonstrate the ways to increase the forage value of maize zeins.

[1]  D. Haig,et al.  Parent-Specific Gene Expression and the Triploid Endosperm , 1989, The American Naturalist.

[2]  M. Ehlenfeldt,et al.  Endosperm dosage relationships among Lycopersicon species , 2004, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[3]  D. Grimanelli,et al.  Timing of the Maternal-to-Zygotic Transition during Early Seed Development in Maizew⃞ , 2005, The Plant Cell Online.

[4]  W. P. Thompson,et al.  The development of the endosperm and embryo in reciprocal interspecific crosses in cereals , 1937, Journal of Genetics.

[5]  I. Nishiyama,et al.  EMBRYOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CROSS-INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN 2x AND 4x IN BRASSICA , 1966 .

[6]  D. Cooper.  CARYOPSIS DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING MATINGS BETWEEN DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID STRAINS OF ZEA MAYS , 1951 .

[7]  B. Lin.  Ploidy variation in maize endosperm , 1977 .

[8]  M. Alleman,et al.  Genomic imprinting in plants: observations and evolutionary implications , 2000, Plant Molecular Biology.

[9]  F. Thibaud-Nissen,et al.  Increased sulfur amino acids in soybean plants overexpressing the maize 15 kDa zein protein , 2001, In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant.

[10]  M. Ehlenfeldt,et al.  Genetic control of Endosperm Balance Number (EBN): three additive loci in a threshold-like system , 1988, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[11]  G. Stebbins,et al.  Flowering Plants. Evolution above the Species Level , 1977 .

[12]  H. W. Howard.  The size of seeds in diploid and autotetraploidBrassica oleracea L. , 1939, Journal of Genetics.

[13]  G. Ledyard Stebbins,et al.  Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level , 1975 .

[14]  J. Kermicle.  PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS ON SEED DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDETERMINATE GAMETOPHYTE GENE IN MAIZE , 1971 .

[15]  S. Tilghman.  The Sins of the Fathers and Mothers Genomic Imprinting in Mammalian Development , 1999, Cell.

[16]  L. Farquharson.  APOMIXIS AND POLYEMBRYONY IN TRIPSACUM DACTYLOIDES , 1955 .

[17]  U. Grossniklaus,et al.  Genomic imprinting and seed development: endosperm formation with and without sex. , 2001, Current opinion in plant biology.

[18]  R. A. Brink,et al.  Seed Collapse following Matings between Diploid and Tetraploid Races of Lycopersicon Pimpinellifolium. , 1945, Genetics.

[19]  M. Alleman,et al.  Gametic imprinting in maize in relation to the angiosperm life cycle. , 1990, Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement.

[20]  S. G. Stephens.  Colchicine-produced polyploids inGossypium , 1942, Journal of Genetics.

[21]  U. Grossniklaus,et al.  Genomic imprinting during seed development. , 2002, Advances in genetics.

[22]  L. Frusciante,et al.  Uses and usefulness of endosperm balance number , 1999, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[23]  R. Abbott,et al.  Population genetic structure and outcrossing rate of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. , 1989, Heredity.

[24]  L. Hurst,et al.  Do we understand the evolution of genomic imprinting? , 1998, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[25]  R. Ortiz,et al.  Evidence on the nature and origins of endosperm dosage requirements in Solanum and other angiosperm genera , 1995, Sexual Plant Reproduction.

[26]  S. Satina,et al.  Blakeslee: the genus Datura. , 1960 .

[27]  K. Lesins.  INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES INVOLVING ALFALFA. I. MEDICAGO DZHAWAKHETICA (BORDZ.) VASS. X M. SATIVA L. AND ITS PECULIARITIES , 1961 .

[28]  I. Nishiyama,et al.  Causal Relationships between the Polar Nuclei in Double Fertilization and Interspecific Cross-incompatibility in Avena , 1978 .

[29]  S. Johnston,et al.  Genetic control of Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) in the Solanaceae based on trisomic and mutation analysis. , 1996, Genome.

[30]  A. Chaudhury,et al.  Genetic and epigenetic processes in seed development. , 2002, Current opinion in plant biology.

[31]  B. Lin,et al.  Ploidy barrier to endosperm development in maize. , 1984, Genetics.

[32]  O. Leblanc,et al.  Cell cycle progression during endosperm development in Zea mays depends on parental dosage effects. , 2002, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[33]  B. Lin,et al.  Association of endosperm reduction with parental imprinting in maize. , 1982, Genetics.

[34]  S. J. Peloquin,et al.  The significance of genic balance to endosperm development in interspecific crosses , 2004, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[35]  D. Haig.  Genomic imprinting and kinship: how good is the evidence? , 2004, Annual review of genetics.

[36]  W. Peacock,et al.  Fertilization-independent seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  M. Surani,et al.  Genome imprinting and development in the mouse. , 1990, Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement.

[38]  A. Sturtevant,et al.  THE HISTORY OF GENETICS , 1954 .

[39]  P. Reddy,et al.  Mechanism of Apomixis in Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk) Stapf , 1969, Botanical Gazette.

[40]  R. Ortiz,et al.  The importance of Endosperm Balance Number in potato breeding and the evolution of tuber-bearing Solanum species , 1992, Euphytica.

[41]  Marilu A. Hoeppner,et al.  Maternal control of embryogenesis by MEDEA, a polycomb group gene in Arabidopsis. , 1998, Science.

[42]  F. Berger.  Endosperm: the crossroad of seed development. , 2003, Current opinion in plant biology.

[43]  P. Ciceri,et al.  Maternal-specific demethylation and expression of specific alleles of zein genes in the endosperm of Zea mays L. , 1995, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[44]  A. E. Watkins.  Genetic and cytological studies in wheat. IV , 1927, Journal of Genetics.

[45]  B. Dilkes,et al.  A Differential Dosage Hypothesis for Parental Effects in Seed Development , 2004, The Plant Cell Online.

[46]  H. Dickinson,et al.  Parent-of-origin effects on seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. , 1998, Development.

[47]  A. Richards.  EUTRIPLOID FACULTATIVE AGAMOSPERMY IN TARAXACUM , 1970 .

[48]  J. Messing,et al.  Allele-specific parental imprinting of dzr1, a posttranscriptional regulator of zein accumulation. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[49]  R. Hayes,et al.  Unilateral and bilateral hybridization barriers in inter-series crosses of 4x 2EBN Solanum stoloniferum, S. pinnatisectum, S. cardiophyllum, and 2x 2EBN S. tuberosum haploids and haploid-species hybrids , 2005, Sexual Plant Reproduction.

[50]  J. Messing,et al.  Endosperm-specific demethylation and activation of specific alleles of α-tubulin genes of Zea mays L. , 1995, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

[51]  S. Woodell,et al.  STUDIES IN BRITISH PRIMULAS. IX. SEED INCOMPATIBILITY IN DIPLOID-AUTOTETRAPLOID CROSSES , 1961 .

[52]  H. Crouse.  The Controlling Element in Sex Chromosome Behavior in Sciara. , 1960, Genetics.

[53]  R. A. Brink,et al.  Derepression in the female gametophyte in relation to paramutant R expression in maize endosperms, embryos, and seedlings. , 1970, Genetics.

[54]  T. Arisumi.  Endosperm balance numbers among New Guinea-Indonesian Impatiens species , 1982 .

[55]  J. Kermicle.  Dependence of the R-mottled aleurone phenotype in maize on mode of sexual transmission. , 1970, Genetics.

[56]  G. E. Marks,et al.  THE ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF INTRASPECIFIC POLYPLOIDY: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM SOLANUM CHACOENSE , 1966, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[57]  R. Fischer,et al.  Imprinting and Seed Development , 2004, The Plant Cell Online.

[58]  K. -. V. Wangenheim.  Untersuchungen Über Den Zusammenhang Zwischen Chromosomenzahl Und Kreuzbarkeit BeiSolanum-Arten , 1957, Zeitschrift für Induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre.

[59]  B. Gill,et al.  Paternal regulation of seed development in wheat hybrids , 1978, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[60]  C. Quarin.  Effect of pollen source and pollen ploidy on endosperm formation and seed set in pseudogamous apomictic Paspalum notatum , 1999, Sexual Plant Reproduction.

[61]  S. Johnston,et al.  Manipulations of Endosperm Balance Number Overcome Crossing Barriers Between Diploid Solanum Species , 1982, Science.

[62]  K. -. V. Wangenheim.  Zur Ursache Der Abortion Von Samenanlagen In Diploid-Polyploid-Kreuzungen , 1962, Zeitschrift für Vererbungslehre.

[63]  F. Berger,et al.  MINISEED3 (MINI3), a WRKY family gene, and HAIKU2 (IKU2), a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) KINASE gene, are regulators of seed size in Arabidopsis. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[64]  A. Ferguson-Smith,et al.  Roles for genomic imprinting and the zygotic genome in placental development , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[65]  E. Coe,et al.  Anomalous Fertilization in Diploid‐Tetraploid Crosses in Maize1 , 1971 .

[66]  W. Brown,et al.  Apomixis in the Gramineae: Panicoideae. , 1958 .

[67]  The endosperm in seed development , 1947 .

[68]  D. Haig,et al.  Genomic imprinting in endosperm : its effect on seed development in crosses between species, and between different ploidies of the same species, and its implications for the evolution of apomixis , 1991 .

[69]  R. A. Brink,et al.  The Endosperm-Embryo Relationship in an Autonomous Apomict, Taraxacum officinale , 1949, Botanical Gazette.

[70]  J. Birchler.  Dosage analysis of maize endosperm development. , 1993, Annual review of genetics.

[71]  J. Messing,et al.  Genomic imprinting in plants. , 1999, Results and problems in cell differentiation.

[72]  H. Dickinson,et al.  Genomic imprinting and endosperm development in flowering plants , 2003, Molecular biotechnology.

[73]  S. J. Peloquin,et al.  Embryological investigations on the formation of haploids in the potato (Solanum tuberosum) , 2004, Zeitschrift für Vererbungslehre.

[74]  Zihua Hu,et al.  Genome-wide mRNA profiling reveals heterochronic allelic variation and a new imprinted gene in hybrid maize endosperm. , 2003, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[75]  C. Rick,et al.  BARRIERS TO INTERBREEDING IN LYCOPERSICON PERUVIANUM , 1963 .

[76]  A. E. Watkins.  Hybrid sterility and incompatibility , 1932, Journal of Genetics.

[77]  F. Berger,et al.  Maternal control of seed development. , 2001, Seminars in cell & developmental biology.

[78]  H. Dickinson,et al.  The epigenetic basis of gender in flowering plants and mammals. , 2001, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[79]  W. P. Thompson.  Causes of Difference in Success of Reciprocal Interspecific Crosses , 1930, The American Naturalist.

[80]  D. Carputo.  Post-zygotic gametic selection due to endosperm balance number explains unusual chromosome numbers of 3×× 2× progeny in Solanum , 1999, Sexual Plant Reproduction.