[Sleep and sleep disorders in old age].

The increasing interruptions of night sleep with normal ageing must be distinguished from sleep disorders. Somatic and psychiatric morbidity as well as medication have a huge impact on sleep. Furthermore, the relationship between sleep and morbidity is mutual. Disturbed sleep modifies the clinical appearance of diseases and morbidity affects the ability to sleep. Especially in geriatric medicine, geriatric syndromes such as falls, depression or dementia are modified by sleep disorders. Therefore, treatment for sleep disorders offers the chance to improve geriatric syndromes.When treating, it is important to identify the individual sleep disorders. Coincidences of different sleep disorders are common in the elderly. The history of a patient in connection with a sleeping diary is the basic diagnostic procedure. Sleep medicine provides further technical methods for further examination. Older people should also be examined in a sleep laboratory if the results have consequences that will be accepted by the patient. However, this should be clarified in advance.

[1]  G. Mayer,et al.  Schlaf und Schlafstörungen bei Demenzerkrankungen , 2021, Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift.

[2]  N. Marshall,et al.  A critical review of the pharmacological treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder in adults: time for more and larger randomized placebo-controlled trials , 2021, Journal of Neurology.

[3]  O. Bruni,et al.  The Parasomnias. , 2021, Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America.

[4]  T. Penzel,et al.  Developing an Alternative Version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale to Assess Daytime Sleepiness in Adults with Physical or Mental Disabilities , 2020, Gerontology.

[5]  S. Miyazaki,et al.  Insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea as potential triggers of dementia: is personalized prediction and prevention of the pathological cascade applicable? , 2020, EPMA Journal.

[6]  J. Rissardo,et al.  Mirtazapine-associated movement disorders: A literature review , 2020, Tzu chi medical journal.

[7]  H. Gouveris,et al.  Current Treatment of Comorbid Insomnia and Obstructive Sleep Apnea With CBTI and PAP-Therapy: A Systematic Review , 2018, Front. Neurol..

[8]  M. Edwards,et al.  The distinguishing motor features of cataplexy: a study from video-recorded attacks , 2017, Sleep.

[9]  S. Ancoli-Israel,et al.  Principles of practice parameters for the treatment of sleep disordered breathing in the elderly and frail elderly: the consensus of the International Geriatric Sleep Medicine Task Force , 2016, European Respiratory Journal.

[10]  C. Weiss,et al.  VALFORTA: a randomised trial to validate the FORTA (Fit fOR The Aged) classification. , 2016, Age and ageing.

[11]  Y. Inoue,et al.  [The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, third edition. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Includes bibliographies and index]. , 2015, Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine.

[12]  D. Garcia-Borreguero,et al.  An update on restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease): clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment. , 2014, Current opinion in neurology.

[13]  C. Roffe,et al.  Intermittent Nocturnal Hypoxemia in Individuals with Dementia: Prevalence and Relationship with Functional Status , 2012, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[14]  C. Caltagirone,et al.  Prevalence of Sleep Disturbances in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementing Disorders: A Multicenter Italian Clinical Cross-Sectional Study on 431 Patients , 2012, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders.

[15]  S. Ancoli-Israel,et al.  Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women. , 2011, JAMA.

[16]  H. Frohnhofen,et al.  Acceptance of NCPAP in a sample of patients admitted for geriatric rehabilitation , 2009, European journal of medical research.

[17]  B. Vellas,et al.  Sleep disorders and their impacts on healthy, dependent, and frail older adults , 2009, The journal of nutrition, health & aging.

[18]  Daniel J Buysse,et al.  Evidence‐Based Recommendations for the Assessment and Management of Sleep Disorders in Older Persons , 2009, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[19]  S. Ancoli-Israel,et al.  Cognitive Effects of Treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Study , 2008, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[20]  N. Zisapel,et al.  Prolonged‐release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects , 2007, Journal of sleep research.

[21]  Jennifer L Martin,et al.  Daytime sleeping, sleep disturbance, and circadian rhythms in the nursing home. , 2006, The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.

[22]  S. Ancoli-Israel,et al.  The relationship between dementia severity and rest/activity circadian rhythms , 2005, Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.

[23]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. , 2004, Sleep.

[24]  M. Ohayon,et al.  Daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment in the elderly population. , 2002, Archives of internal medicine.

[25]  M. Burgoon,et al.  Activate your online subscription , 2000, Neurology.

[26]  S. Ancoli-Israel.  Insomnia in the elderly: a review for the primary care practitioner. , 2000, Sleep.

[27]  D J Foley,et al.  Sleep complaints among elderly persons: an epidemiologic study of three communities. , 1995, Sleep.

[28]  M. Okawa,et al.  Morning bright light therapy for sleep and behavior disorders in elderly patients with dementia , 1994, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[29]  J. Yesavage,et al.  The Relations among Caregiver Stress, “Sundowning” Symptoms, and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease , 1992, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[30]  M. Johns,et al.  A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. , 1991, Sleep.

[31]  T. Wetter,et al.  S3-Leitlinie Nicht erholsamer Schlaf/Schlafstörungen , 2017, Somnologie.

[32]  Strain Siderophore,et al.  Supplementary Table S1 , 2008 .

[33]  S. Borson,et al.  Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease , 2001, CNS drugs.

[34]  D. Kripke,et al.  Variations in circadian rhythms of activity, sleep, and light exposure related to dementia in nursing-home patients. , 1997, Sleep.