MIMO Channel Modelling

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physical channel models, the analytical models for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel, and validation of a MIMO channel model. It aids in the study and measurement of the properties of several propagation channels.. For system design and simulations, analytical models are preferred over the physical models, as they can reproduce the characteristics of various channels without being complicated. In LoBF01, and LoFK02, the wide-sense-stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) channel formalism is extended to the spatial dimension. Applying a space-time analogy, the signal in the spatial domain is described through replacing time and frequency by spatial location and spatial frequency, respectively. Based on the knowledge of the generalized impulse response and transfer function, discrete sampling filter models are derived. LoFK02 can be implemented in channel emulators with space-time variable gain multipliers. The chapter summarizes that these multipliers have properties similar to small-scale fading and the Gaussian amplitude—resulting from the sum of many multipath components. Integrating this space time channel model with array geometries yields a model of the MIMO channel matrix.

[1]  P. E. Leuthold,et al.  The mean received power in ad hoc networks and its dependence on geometrical quantities , 2003 .

[2]  Christian Waldschmidt,et al.  Complete RF system model for analysis of compact MIMO arrays , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[3]  Jari Salo,et al.  MATLAB implementation of the 3GPP Spatial Channel Model Extended (SCME) , 2006 .

[4]  Ernst Bonek,et al.  Number of multipath clusters in indoor MIMO propagation environments , 2004 .

[5]  Andreas F. Molisch,et al.  Influence of the scatterer distribution on power delay profiles and azimuthal power spectra of mobile radio channels , 1998, 1988 IEEE 5th International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications - Proceedings. Spread Technology to Africa (Cat. No.98TH8333).

[6]  Hao Xu,et al.  A Wideband Spatial Channel Model for System-Wide Simulations , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[7]  Claude Oestges.  A physical-statistical channel model of macro- and megacellular terrestrial networks and its application to polarization multiplexing , 2002, The 5th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications.

[8]  E. Jaynes.  Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics , 1957 .

[9]  Mark A Beach,et al.  Wideband analysis of indoor MIMO channels , 2002 .

[10]  H. Hofstetter,et al.  A geometry based stochastic channel model for MIMO systems , 2004, ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas (IEEE Cat. No.04EX802).

[11]  Xuefeng Yin,et al.  Cluster Characteristics in a MIMO Indoor Propagation Environment , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[12]  E. Bonek,et al.  What makes a good MIMO channel model? , 2005, 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference.

[13]  Andreas F. Molisch.  A channel model for MIMO systems in macro- and microcellular environments , 2002, Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367).

[14]  Christian Waldschmidt,et al.  On the integration of MIMO systems into handheld devices , 2004, ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas (IEEE Cat. No.04EX802).

[15]  Per Zetterberg,et al.  Wideband Spatial Channel Model for MIMO Systems at 5 GHz in Indoor and Outdoor Environments , 2006, 2006 IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference.

[16]  Ernst Bonek,et al.  Including Diffuse Multipath Parameters in MIMO Channel Models , 2007, 2007 IEEE 66th Vehicular Technology Conference.

[17]  A.A.M. Saleh,et al.  A Statistical Model for Indoor Multipath Propagation , 1987, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[18]  Andreas F. Molisch,et al.  A generic model for MIMO wireless propagation channels in macro- and microcells , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[19]  Thomas Svantesson,et al.  Mutual coupling effects on the capacity of multielement antenna systems , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37221).

[20]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  On the capacity of spatially correlated MIMO Rayleigh-fading channels , 2003, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[21]  Alister G. Burr,et al.  Survey of Channel and Radio Propagation Models for Wireless MIMO Systems , 2007, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[22]  Chen-Nee Chuah,et al.  Capacity of multi-antenna array systems in indoor wireless environment , 1998, IEEE GLOBECOM 1998 (Cat. NO. 98CH36250).

[23]  Luís M. Correia,et al.  Adaptive beamforming dependencies on wideband and directional propagation characteristics in micro- and macro-cell UMTS scenarios , 2003, 14th IEEE Proceedings on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2003. PIMRC 2003..

[24]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Wireless communications - principles and practice , 1996 .

[25]  M. V. Clark,et al.  A new path-gain/delay-spread propagation model for digital cellular channels , 1997 .

[26]  Mark A. Beach,et al.  Spatial correlation in indoor MIMO channels , 2002, The 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[27]  P.S. Kildal,et al.  Electromagnetic characterization of MIMO antennas including coupling using classical embedded element pattern and radiation efficiency , 2004, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004..

[28]  Donald C. Cox,et al.  Correlation analysis based on MIMO channel measurements in an indoor environment , 2003, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[29]  K. Sulonen,et al.  Analysis of propagation mechanisms based on direction-of-arrival measurements in urban environments at 2 GHz frequency range , 2002, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37313).

[30]  Martin Haardt,et al.  Geometry-based channel modelling of MIMO channels in comparison with channel sounder measurements , 2005 .

[31]  Mark A Beach,et al.  Spatio-temporal investigation of UTRA FDD channels , 2002 .

[32]  S. K. Barton,et al.  An Optimum Combiner for a Smart Antenna in an Indoor Infrastructure WLAN , 2003 .

[33]  Mark A Beach,et al.  Frequency dependency of the spatial-temporal characteristics of UMTS FDD links , 2002 .

[34]  Bernard H. Fleury,et al.  First- and second-order characterization of direction dispersion and space selectivity in the radio channel , 2000, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[35]  Path-based Spatial Channel Modeling Scm/scme White Paper 102 , .

[36]  Xuefeng Yin,et al.  High-resolution Bidirection estimation based on the SAGE algorithm: experience gathered from field experiments , 2002 .

[37]  Emmanuel Van Lil,et al.  Theoretical investigations and broadband experimental verification of the time-domain SAGE DOA algorithm , 2004 .

[38]  Fredrik Tufvesson,et al.  Measurement of keyhole effect in a wireless multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel , 2003, IEEE Communications Letters.

[39]  H. Ozcelik,et al.  Variation of measured indoor MIMO capacity with receive direction and position at 5.2 GHz , 2002 .

[40]  Olav Tirkkonen,et al.  Multi-Antenna Transceiver Techniques for 3G and Beyond: Hottinen/Multi-antenna , 2003 .

[41]  Joseph M. Kahn,et al.  Fading correlation and its effect on the capacity of multielement antenna systems , 2000, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[42]  J. Kolu,et al.  Real time simulation of measured radio channels , 2003, 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484).

[43]  S. K. Barton,et al.  A spatial channel model and a beamformer for smart antennas in broadcasting studios , 2002 .

[44]  Fredrik Tufvesson,et al.  Polarized MIMO channels in 3-D: models, measurements and mutual information , 2006, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[45]  Stephan Sand,et al.  Modeling and performance evaluation of multiuser MIMO systems using real-valued matrices , 2003, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[46]  Mark A Beach,et al.  An experimental evaluation of three candidate MIMO array designs for PDA devices , 2004 .

[47]  J. Kivinen,et al.  Characterisation system for MIMO channels , 2001 .

[48]  Thomas Svantesson,et al.  A physical MIMO radio channel model for multi-element multi-polarized antenna systems , 2001, IEEE 54th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Fall 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37211).

[49]  Werner Wiesbeck,et al.  A DOUBLE-DIRECTIONAL CHANNEL MODEL FOR MULTIUSER MIMO SYSTEMS , 2004 .

[50]  Werner Wiesbeck,et al.  Capacity of the MIMO broadcast channel under realistic propagation conditions , 2005, 2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[51]  Andres Alayon Glazunov.  Joint impact of mean effective gain and base station smart antennas on WCDMA-FDD system performance , 2004 .

[52]  Emmanuel Van Lil,et al.  Verification of the BTD-SAGE Algorithm with Simulated and Experimental Data , 2004 .

[53]  Ernst Bonek,et al.  A stochastic MIMO channel model with joint correlation of both link ends , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[54]  Mark A. Beach,et al.  Comparison of MIMO channels from multipath parameter extraction and direct channel measurements , 2004, 2004 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8754).

[55]  Lucio Studer Ferreira,et al.  Implementation of a wideband directional channel model for link level simulations , 2001 .

[56]  A. Ludwig.  The definition of cross polarization , 1973 .

[57]  Rodney G. Vaughan,et al.  Measurement and evaluation of multi-antenna handsets in indoor mobile communication , 2001 .

[58]  H. Cao,et al.  Echo Domain Multiple Access (EDMA) A new multiple access technique for impulse radio in a multipath environment , 2004 .

[59]  J. Pierce,et al.  Multiple Diversity with Nonindependent Fading , 1960, Proceedings of the IRE.

[60]  Thomas Zwick,et al.  A stochastic multipath channel model including path directions for indoor environments , 2002, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[61]  Mark A Beach,et al.  Outdoor MIMO measurements and analysis with different antenna arrays , 2003 .

[62]  Chia-Chin Chong,et al.  Spatio-temporal correlation properties for the 5.2 GHz indoor propagation environments , 2003, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[63]  Chia-Chin Chong,et al.  Joint detection-estimation of directional channel parameters using the 2-D frequency domain SAGE algorithm with serial interference cancellation , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Proceedings. ICC 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37333).

[64]  Fredrik Tufvesson,et al.  Keyhole Effect in MIMO Wireless Channels: Measurements and Theory , 2006, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[65]  Emre Telatar,et al.  Capacity of Multi-antenna Gaussian Channels , 1999, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[66]  Helmut Bölcskei,et al.  Outdoor MIMO wireless channels: models and performance prediction , 2002, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[67]  J. Salo,et al.  An interim channel model for beyond-3G systems: extending the 3GPP spatial channel model (SCM) , 2005, 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference.

[68]  Mark A Beach,et al.  Dynamic double directional propagation channel analysis with dual circular arrays , 2004 .

[69]  Chia-Chin Chong,et al.  A wideband dynamic spatio-temporal Markov channel model for typical indoor propagation environments , 2003, The 57th IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003. VTC 2003-Spring..

[70]  Koichi Ogawa,et al.  An analysis of the effective performance of a handset diversity antenna influenced by head, hand, and shoulder effects—A proposal for a diversity antenna gain based on a signal bit‐error rate and analytical results for the PDC system , 2001 .

[71]  R.S. Thoma,et al.  Joint maximum likelihood estimation of specular paths and distributed diffuse scattering , 2005, 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference.

[72]  Emmanuel Van Lil,et al.  Applications of the SAGE Algorithm using a Dodecahedral Receiving Antenna Array , 2005 .

[73]  Nelson Costa,et al.  Multiple-input-multiple-output measurements and modeling in Manhattan , 2003, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[74]  Patrice Pajusco,et al.  A Versatile Propagation Channel Simulator for MIMO Link Level Simulation , 2007, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[75]  W. Wiesbeck,et al.  Compact MIMO-arrays based on polarisation-diversity , 2003, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/CNC/URSI North American Radio Sci. Meeting (Cat. No.03CH37450).

[76]  Reiner S. Thomä,et al.  Comparison of SCM, SCME, and WINNER Channel Models , 2007, 2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference - VTC2007-Spring.

[77]  Mark A Beach,et al.  Capacity variation of indoor multiple-input multiple-output channels , 2000 .

[78]  G. W. K. Colman,et al.  Adaptive array algorithm performance: Case studies in different environments , 2004, 2004 10th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics and URSI Conference.

[79]  P. Pajusco.  Experimental characterization of DOA at the base station in rural and urban area , 1998, VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Pathway to Global Wireless Revolution (Cat. No.98CH36151).

[80]  F. Tufvesson,et al.  Statistical evaluation of outdoor-to-indoor office MIMO measurements at 5.2 GHz , 2005, 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference.

[81]  Preben Mogensen,et al.  Modelling cross-correlated shadowing in network simulations , 1999, Gateway to 21st Century Communications Village. VTC 1999-Fall. IEEE VTS 50th Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.99CH36324).

[82]  M. Reitzner,et al.  Efficient indoor radio channel modeling based on integral geometry , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[83]  J. Capon.  High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis , 1969 .

[84]  Kim Olesen,et al.  Capacity of the mobile MIMO channel for a small wireless handset and user influence , 2002, The 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[85]  H. Weinrichter,et al.  Performance of various data transmission methods on measured MIMO channels , 2004, 2004 IEEE 59th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2004-Spring (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37514).

[86]  Ralf R. Müller,et al.  MIMO channel modeling and the principle of maximum entropy , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[87]  M. Herdin,et al.  A comparison of measured 8 /spl times/ 8 MIMO systems with a popular stochastic channel model at 5.2 GHz , 2003, 10th International Conference on Telecommunications, 2003. ICT 2003..

[88]  Mark A Beach,et al.  Outdoor MIMO measurements for UTRA applications , 2002 .

[89]  Martine Lienard,et al.  Effect of 3D antenna parameters on MIMO systems with experimental validation in a reverberating chamber , 2004 .

[90]  J. Capon,et al.  Multidimensional maximum-likelihood processing of a large aperture seismic array , 1967 .

[91]  Fredrik Tufvesson,et al.  Keyhole Effects in MIMO Wireless Channels - Measurements and Theory , 2003 .

[92]  Michele Zorzi,et al.  Correlation in diversity systems with Rayleigh fading, shadowing, and power capture , 1995, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[93]  V. Tralli,et al.  On the impact of interference on data protocol performance in multicellular wireless packet networks with MIMO links , 2004, IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004.

[94]  J.M. Gil,et al.  Fundamental wideband and directional channel parameters ruling adaptive beamforming performance in micro- and macro-cells , 2004, 2004 IEEE 59th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2004-Spring (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37514).

[95]  Andreas F. Molisch,et al.  Clustering of scatterers in mobile radio channels-evaluation and modeling in the COST259 directional channel model , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Proceedings. ICC 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37333).

[96]  Lars Häring,et al.  Dynamic system level simulations of downlink beamforming for UMTS FDD , 2003, GLOBECOM '03. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37489).

[97]  Patrik Bohlin,et al.  Characterization of antennas for MIMO systems in reverberation chamber and by simulation , 2004 .

[98]  Luís M. Correia,et al.  A wideband directional channel model for UMTS microcells , 2001, 12th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. PIMRC 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8598).

[99]  Mark A Beach,et al.  Uplink based downlink beamforming in UTRA FDD , 2002 .

[100]  V. Erceg,et al.  TGn Channel Models , 2004 .

[101]  Outi Kivekäs,et al.  Angular power distribution and mean effective gain of mobile antenna in different propagation environments , 2002, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[102]  Björn E. Ottersten,et al.  Second order statistics of NLOS indoor MIMO channels based on 5.2 GHz measurements , 2001, GLOBECOM'01. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Cat. No.01CH37270).

[103]  Preben E. Mogensen,et al.  A stochastic MIMO radio channel model with experimental validation , 2002, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[104]  U. Trautwein,et al.  The dependency of turbo MIMO equalizer performance on the spatial and temporal multipath channel structure - a measurement based evaluation , 2003, The 57th IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003. VTC 2003-Spring..

[105]  F. Tufvesson,et al.  Outdoor to indoor office MIMO measurements at 5.2 GHz , 2004, IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004.

[106]  Martine Lienard,et al.  Investigation on MIMO channels in subway tunnels , 2003, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[107]  P. Vainikainen,et al.  Experimental investigations of MIMO propagation channels , 2002, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37313).

[108]  Armin Dekorsy,et al.  System level simulations for downlink beamforming with different array topologies , 2001, GLOBECOM'01. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Cat. No.01CH37270).

[109]  Michael A. Jensen,et al.  Modeling the indoor MIMO wireless channel , 2002 .

[110]  Andreas F. Molisch,et al.  The double-directional radio channel , 2001 .

[111]  Shilpa Mahajan,et al.  Classification of MIMO channel models , 2008, 2008 16th IEEE International Conference on Networks.

[112]  Jun-ichi Takada,et al.  High-resolution estimation of NLOS indoor MIMO channel with network analyzer based system , 2003, 14th IEEE Proceedings on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2003. PIMRC 2003..

[113]  Arogyaswami Paulraj,et al.  Capacity obtained from multiple-input multiple-output channel measurements in fixed wireless environments at 2.5 GHz , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Proceedings. ICC 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37333).

[114]  M. Lienard,et al.  Simulation of dual array multipath channels using mode-stirred reverberation chambers , 2004 .

[115]  Andrew R. Nix,et al.  Multipath parameters estimation with a reduced complexity unitary-SAGE algorithm , 2003, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[116]  Fumie Costen,et al.  A downlink pattern optimisation algorithm for a smart antenna in an indoor infrastructure WLAN , 2004, 2004 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8754).

[117]  K. Sulonen,et al.  Study of different mechanisms providing gain in MIMO systems , 2003, 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484).

[118]  Werner Wiesbeck,et al.  A modelling approach for multiuser MIMO systems including spatially-colored interference [cellular example] , 2004, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2004. GLOBECOM '04..

[119]  Ratnajit Bhattacharjee,et al.  MIMO Channel Modeling: A Review , 2008 .

[120]  Jørgen Bach Andersen,et al.  Array gain and capacity for known random channels with multiple element arrays at both ends , 2000, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[121]  E. Bonek,et al.  Linking reduction in measured MIMO capacity with dominant-wave propagation , 2003, 10th International Conference on Telecommunications, 2003. ICT 2003..

[122]  F. Hansen,et al.  Antennas for VHF/UHF personal radio: A theoretical and experimental study of characteristics and performance , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[123]  Claude Oestges,et al.  Beneficial impact of channel correlations on MIMO capacity , 2004 .

[124]  Akbar M. Sayeed,et al.  Deconstructing multiantenna fading channels , 2002, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[125]  H. Ozcelik,et al.  Correlation matrix distance, a meaningful measure for evaluation of non-stationary MIMO channels , 2005, 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference.

[126]  Wolfgang Utschick,et al.  Validity of spatial covariance matrices over time and frequency , 2002, Global Telecommunications Conference, 2002. GLOBECOM '02. IEEE.

[127]  M. J. Gans,et al.  On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas , 1998, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[128]  Lasse Vuokko,et al.  Comparison of MIMO antenna configurations in picocell and microcell environments , 2003, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[129]  P. Vainikainen,et al.  Polarization behavior in different urban radio environments at 5.3 GHz , 2005 .