Typical earthquake damages of RC frames in the Wenchuan earthquake are reviewed with some brief analyses. Special attentions are given to the absence of the preferable damage mode of RC frames known as the “strong column-weak beam” mechanism. Analysis is conducted in depth in order to discover the underlying reasons for this adverse phenomenon in the following aspects: influence of the partitions and floor slabs, possible reasons for under-estimating the strength and stiffness of frame beams, reasons for the over-reinforcement of frame beams, factors that may weaken frame columns, structural model changing under stronger earthquake, the difference of reliability of columns and beams under different load stages and so on. Suggestions of ensuring the “strong column-weak beam” mechanism for RC frames are proposed for the reference of future design practice and code revision. 1 汶川地震中的框架结构震害 汶川地震是我国建国以来最为强烈的一次地震。这次地震中,钢筋混凝土框架结构的主要震 害现象有: (1) 围护结构和填充墙严重开裂和破坏(图 1a); (2) 填充墙不合理设置或错层)成短柱剪切破坏(图 1b,图 1c); (3) 柱剪切破坏(图 1d、e),梁柱节点区破坏(图 1f); (4) 填充墙不合理设置造成结构实际层刚度不均匀,导致底部楼层侧移过大(图 1g),并导 致倒塌(图 1h);或导致结构实际刚度偏心使结构产生扭转地震响应(图 1i); (5) 柱端出现塑性铰,未实现“强柱弱梁”屈服机制(图 1j)。 围护结构和填充墙等非结构构件的严重开裂和破坏,也会造成一定的人员伤亡,并导致人们 的恐惧心理,且震后修复工作量很大,费用很高。目前,规范对“可修”没有明确定义,也没有 具体的控制指标。根据这次地震中框架结构的围护结构和填充墙的破坏情况,对“可修”定义应 考虑非结构构件的损坏程度。 窗间填充墙的不合理布置(或错层)造成框架柱形成短柱,产生剪切破坏的问题,本文以下 将专门讨论。 柱剪切破坏,梁柱节点区破坏,大多属于配箍不足,箍筋拉结或弯钩等构造措施不到位等原 因造成,规范规定的最小配箍率可能也需要考虑提高。值得注意的是,在柱的强剪弱弯方面,即 资助项目:国家科技支撑计划课题,课题编号 2006BAJ03A02 建筑结构, 38(11), 2008: 52-59 (DRAFT) 使柱端首先发生弯曲破坏而形成塑性铰,巨大的轴压容易使混凝土压溃而发生剥离脱落(本次地 震竖向振动很大),从而严重削弱柱端的抗剪能力,而柱端出铰并不会减小其所受到的地震剪力, 因而很容易引起剪切破坏,见图 1e。因此,需要考虑压弯破坏对柱端抗剪承载力降低的影响,提 出切实可行实用的配筋构造技术,如连续箍筋技术,防止柱端混凝土强度严重退化,充分保证“强 剪弱弯”。
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