Multiplicity of stable states in freshwater systems

It is shown with the use of minimal models that several ecological relationships in freshwater systems potentially give rise to the existence of alternative equilibria over a certain range of nutrient values. The existence of alternative stable states has some implications for the management of such systems. An important consequence is that signs of eutrophication are only apparent after the occurrence of changes that are very difficult to reverse. Reduction of the nutrient level as a measure to restore such systems gives poor results, but biomanipulation as an additional measure can have significant effects, provided that the nutrient level has been reduced enough to allow the existence of a stable alternative clear water equilibrium.

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