Learning and Reproduction of Gestures by Imitation

We presented and evaluated an approach based on HMM, GMR, and dynamical systems to allow robots to acquire new skills by imitation. Using HMM allowed us to get rid of the explicit time dependency that was considered in our previous work [12], by encapsulating precedence information within the statistical representation. In the context of separated learning and reproduction processes, this novel formulation was systematically evaluated with respect to our previous approach, LWR [20], LWPR [21], and DMPs [13]. We finally presented applications on different kinds of robots to highlight the flexibility of the proposed approach in three different learning by imitation scenarios.

[1]  G. Schwarz Estimating the Dimension of a Model , 1978 .

[2]  N. Hogan Adaptive control of mechanical impedance by coactivation of antagonist muscles , 1984 .

[3]  S. Grossberg,et al.  Neural dynamics of planned arm movements: emergent invariants and speed-accuracy properties during trajectory formation. , 1988, Psychological review.

[4]  Lawrence R. Rabiner,et al.  A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition , 1989, Proc. IEEE.

[5]  Michael I. Jordan,et al.  Supervised learning from incomplete data via an EM approach , 1993, NIPS.

[6]  Ales Ude,et al.  Trajectory generation from noisy positions of object features for teaching robot paths , 1993, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[7]  Ieee Robotics,et al.  IEEE robotics & automation magazine , 1994 .

[8]  Christopher G. Atkeson,et al.  Constructive Incremental Learning from Only Local Information , 1998, Neural Computation.

[9]  Jun Nakanishi,et al.  Trajectory formation for imitation with nonlinear dynamical systems , 2001, Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180).

[10]  Yoshihiko Nakamura,et al.  Acquiring Motion Elements for Bidirectional Computation of Motion Recognition and Generation , 2002, ISER.

[11]  Aude Billard,et al.  Robota: Clever toy and educational tool , 2003, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[12]  Monica N. Nicolescu,et al.  Natural methods for robot task learning: instructive demonstrations, generalization and practice , 2003, AAMAS '03.

[13]  Jun Morimoto,et al.  Learning from demonstration and adaptation of biped locomotion , 2004, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[14]  Stefan Schaal,et al.  Incremental Online Learning in High Dimensions , 2005, Neural Computation.

[15]  Danica Kragic,et al.  Learning Task Models from Multiple Human Demonstrations , 2006, ROMAN 2006 - The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication.

[16]  Rajesh P. N. Rao,et al.  Dynamic Imitation in a Humanoid Robot through Nonparametric Probabilistic Inference , 2006, Robotics: Science and Systems.

[17]  Stefano Caselli,et al.  Robust trajectory learning and approximation for robot programming by demonstration , 2006, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[18]  Chrystopher L. Nehaniv,et al.  Teaching robots by moulding behavior and scaffolding the environment , 2006, HRI '06.

[19]  Rüdiger Dillmann,et al.  Incremental Learning of Tasks From User Demonstrations, Past Experiences, and Vocal Comments , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[20]  Chrystopher L. Nehaniv,et al.  Correspondence Mapping Induced State and Action Metrics for Robotic Imitation , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[21]  Nikolaos G. Tsagarakis,et al.  iCub: the design and realization of an open humanoid platform for cognitive and neuroscience research , 2007, Adv. Robotics.

[22]  Jan Peters,et al.  Local Gaussian process regression for real-time model-based robot control , 2008, 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[23]  Dana Kulic,et al.  Incremental Learning, Clustering and Hierarchy Formation of Whole Body Motion Patterns using Adaptive Hidden Markov Chains , 2008, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[24]  A. Ijspeert,et al.  Frequency Analysis with coupled nonlinear Oscillators , 2008 .

[25]  Aude Billard,et al.  Dynamical System Modulation for Robot Learning via Kinesthetic Demonstrations , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[26]  Stefan Schaal,et al.  Robot Programming by Demonstration , 2009, Springer Handbook of Robotics.

[27]  Brett Browning,et al.  Learning robot motion control with demonstration and advice-operators , 2008, 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[28]  Darwin G. Caldwell,et al.  Handling of multiple constraints and motion alternatives in a robot programming by demonstration framework , 2009, 2009 9th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots.

[29]  Jochen J. Steil,et al.  Task-level imitation learning using variance-based movement optimization , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[30]  Aude Billard,et al.  Statistical Learning by Imitation of Competing Constraints in Joint Space and Task Space , 2009, Adv. Robotics.

[31]  Brett Browning,et al.  A survey of robot learning from demonstration , 2009, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[32]  Henk Nijmeijer,et al.  Robot Programming by Demonstration , 2010, SIMPAR.

[33]  Andrej Gams,et al.  On-line learning and modulation of periodic movements with nonlinear dynamical systems , 2009, Auton. Robots.

[34]  Aude Billard,et al.  BM: An iterative algorithm to learn stable non-linear dynamical systems with Gaussian mixture models , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[35]  Darwin G. Caldwell,et al.  Evaluation of a probabilistic approach to learn and reproduce gestures by imitation , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.