Probing the involvement of the earliest levels of cortical processing in motion extrapolation with rapid forms of visual motion priming and adaptation

In this study, we investigated the effect of brief motion priming and adaptation, occurring at the earliest levels of the cortical visual stream, on time-to-contact (TTC) estimation of a target passing behind an occluder. By using different exposure times of directional motion presented in the occluder area prior to the target’s disappearance behind it, our aim was to modulate (prime or adapt) the extrapolated motion of the invisible target, thus producing different TTC estimates. Our results showed that longer (yet subsecond) exposures to motion in the same direction as the target produced late TTC estimates, whereas shorter exposures produced shorter TTC estimates, indicating that rapid forms of motion adaptation and motion priming affect extrapolated motion. Our findings suggest that motion extrapolation might occur at the earliest levels of cortical processing of motion, at which these rapid mechanisms of priming and adaptation take place.

[1]  P. Hancock,et al.  The Perception of Arrival Time for Different Oncoming Vehicles at an Intersection , 1994 .

[2]  Frances S. Chance,et al.  Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of V1 Cells , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[3]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  Representations in mental imagery and working memory: Evidence from different types of visual masks , 2012, Memory & cognition.

[4]  G. Campana,et al.  Separate motion-detecting mechanisms for first- and second-order patterns revealed by rapid forms of visual motion priming and motion aftereffect. , 2009, Journal of vision.

[5]  Amanda L. Kaas,et al.  Imagery of a moving object: The role of occipital cortex and human MT/V5+ , 2010, NeuroImage.

[6]  Ellen Poliakoff,et al.  Do Common Systems Control Eye Movements and Motion Extrapolation? , 2011, Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[7]  Frans A. J. Verstraten,et al.  Perceptual manifestations of fast neural plasticity: Motion priming, rapid motion aftereffect and perceptual sensitization , 2005, Vision Research.

[8]  David Whitaker,et al.  Motion Adaptation Distorts Perceived Visual Position , 2002, Current Biology.

[9]  W. Singer,et al.  The constructive nature of vision: direct evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of apparent motion and motion imagery , 1998, The European journal of neuroscience.

[10]  Wael El-Deredy,et al.  Covert Tracking: A Combined ERP and Fixational Eye Movement Study , 2012, PloS one.

[11]  W Schiff,et al.  Accuracy of judging time to arrival: effects of modality, trajectory, and gender. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[12]  M. Carandini,et al.  A Synaptic Explanation of Suppression in Visual Cortex , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[13]  D G Pelli,et al.  The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. , 1997, Spatial vision.

[14]  Marco Bertamini,et al.  Do different types of dynamic extrapolation rely on the same mechanism? , 2014, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[15]  A. Pinkus,et al.  Probing Visual Motion Signals with a Priming Paradigm , 1997, Vision Research.

[16]  Alvaro Pascual-Leone,et al.  Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of human area MT/V5 disrupts perception and storage of the motion aftereffect , 2002, Neuropsychologia.

[17]  Gianluca Campana,et al.  The fastest (and simplest), the earliest: The locus of processing of rapid forms of motion aftereffect , 2011, Neuropsychologia.

[18]  D H Brainard,et al.  The Psychophysics Toolbox. , 1997, Spatial vision.

[19]  Angelika Lingnau,et al.  Selective visual responses to expansion and rotation in the human MT complex revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation , 2008, The European journal of neuroscience.

[20]  J. Tresilian,et al.  Perceptual and cognitive processes in time-to-contact estimation: Analysis of prediction-motion and relative judgment tasks , 1995, Perception & psychophysics.

[21]  R. Blake,et al.  Neural Adaptation of Imaginary Visual Motion , 1995, Cognitive Psychology.

[22]  Gianluca Campana,et al.  Implied motion from static photographs influences the perceived position of stationary objects , 2011, Vision Research.

[23]  S. Nelson,et al.  Short-Term Depression at Thalamocortical Synapses Contributes to Rapid Adaptation of Cortical Sensory Responses In Vivo , 2002, Neuron.

[24]  Emad N Eskandar,et al.  Parietal activity and the perceived direction of ambiguous apparent motion , 2003, Nature Neuroscience.

[25]  Gianluca Campana,et al.  Visual area V5/MT remembers "what" but not "where". , 2004, Cerebral cortex.

[26]  Gianluca Campana,et al.  Priming of motion direction and area V5/MT: a test of perceptual memory. , 2002, Cerebral cortex.

[27]  Frans A. J. Verstraten,et al.  Temporal and Spatial Frequency Tuning of the Flicker Motion Aftereffect , 1996, Vision Research.

[28]  Ellen Poliakoff,et al.  The effect of previously viewed velocities on motion extrapolation , 2008, Vision Research.

[29]  H. Levitt.  Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. , 1971, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[30]  Michael R Ibbotson,et al.  Differential changes in human perception of speed due to motion adaptation. , 2008, Journal of vision.

[31]  Gianluca Campana,et al.  Common (and multiple) neural substrates for static and dynamic motion after-effects: A rTMS investigation , 2013, Cortex.

[32]  S. McKee,et al.  Statistical properties of forced-choice psychometric functions: Implications of probit analysis , 1985, Perception & psychophysics.

[33]  Robert Gray,et al.  Risky driving behavior: a consequence of motion adaptation for visually guided motor action. , 2000 .

[34]  D. Lyon,et al.  Time course of visual extrapolation accuracy. , 1995, Acta psychologica.

[35]  P. Cavanagh,et al.  Motion adaptation shifts apparent position without the motion aftereffect , 2003, Perception & psychophysics.

[36]  George Mather,et al.  Distinct position assignment mechanisms revealed by cross-order motion , 2008, Vision Research.

[37]  D. Burr,et al.  A cortical area that responds specifically to optic flow, revealed by fMRI , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[38]  P R DeLucia,et al.  Cognitive motion extrapolation and cognitive clocking in prediction motion task. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[39]  Gianluca Campana,et al.  The role of high-level visual areas in short- and longer-lasting forms of neural plasticity , 2010, Neuropsychologia.

[40]  Heiko Hecht,et al.  Effects of task-irrelevant texture motion on time-to-contact judgments , 2011, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[41]  Marina Pavlova,et al.  Timing Accuracy in Motion Extrapolation: Reverse Effects of Target Size and Visible Extent of Motion at Low and High Speeds , 2003, Perception.

[42]  Heiner Deubel,et al.  Mental extrapolation of motion modulates responsiveness to visual stimuli , 2006, Vision Research.

[43]  Heiner Deubel,et al.  Time gaps in mental imagery introduced by competing saccadic tasks , 2009, Vision Research.

[44]  Luca Battaglini,et al.  Illusory speed is retained in memory during invisible motion , 2013, i-Perception.

[45]  Patricia R DeLucia,et al.  Time-to-contact judgments of an approaching object that is partially concealed by an occluder. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[46]  Guillaume S. Masson,et al.  Motion-based prediction explains the role of tracking in motion extrapolation , 2013, Journal of Physiology-Paris.

[47]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  The role of area 17 in visual imagery: convergent evidence from PET and rTMS. , 1999, Science.