An exploratory study of temporal integration in the peripheral retina of myopes

The visual system takes time to respond to visual stimuli, neurons need to accumulate information over a time span in order to fire. Visual information perceived by the peripheral retina might be impaired by imperfect peripheral optics leading to myopia development. This study explored the effect of eccentricity, moderate myopia and peripheral refraction in temporal visual integration. Myopes and emmetropes showed similar performance at detecting briefly flashed stimuli in different retinal locations. Our results show evidence that moderate myopes have normal visual integration when refractive errors are corrected with contact lens; however, the tendency to increased temporal integration thresholds observed in myopes deserves further investigation.

[1]  H. Swarbrick,et al.  Effect of Single Vision Soft Contact Lenses on Peripheral Refraction , 2012, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[2]  C. Curcio,et al.  Topography of ganglion cells in human retina , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[3]  Joseph M. Miller,et al.  Treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia in 3- to 5-year-old children , 2004, Vision Research.

[4]  Miguel Castelo-Branco,et al.  Asymmetry of visual sensory mechanisms: electrophysiological, structural, and psychophysical evidences. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[5]  D. Atchison,et al.  Visual Backward Masking Performance in Young Adult Emmetropes and Myopes , 2012, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[6]  Robert F Hess,et al.  Does cognitive perception have access to brief temporal events? , 2011, i-Perception.

[7]  Jörgen Gustafsson,et al.  Eccentric Correction for Off-Axis Vision in Central Visual Field Loss , 2003, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[8]  D. Mutti,et al.  Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia. , 2007, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[9]  Karla Zadnik,et al.  Relative peripheral refractive error and the risk of onset and progression of myopia in children. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[10]  F. Schaeffel,et al.  Peripheral defocus does not necessarily affect central refractive development , 2006, Vision Research.

[11]  Bernard Gilmartin,et al.  Posterior retinal contour in adult human anisomyopia. , 2004, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[12]  Robert F. Hess,et al.  Is the visual field temporally homogeneous? , 1992, Vision Research.

[13]  D H Brainard,et al.  The Psychophysics Toolbox. , 1997, Spatial vision.

[14]  E. Harvey Development and Treatment of Astigmatism-Related Amblyopia , 2009, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[15]  Frans A. J. Verstraten,et al.  How big is a Gabor patch, and why should we care? , 1998, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[16]  Larry N Thibos,et al.  Peripheral Refraction With and Without Contact Lens Correction , 2010, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[17]  Arthur Bradley,et al.  The role of neural and optical factors in limiting visual resolution in myopia , 1998, Vision Research.

[18]  A. Watson,et al.  Quest: A Bayesian adaptive psychometric method , 1983, Perception & psychophysics.

[19]  J. Jennings,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL REFRACTION ON CRITICAL FUSION FREQUENCY , 1981, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[20]  I. Pacey,et al.  Off‐axis partial coherence interferometry in myopes and emmetropes , 2013, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[21]  Hema Radhakrishnan,et al.  Peripheral refraction and the development of refractive error: a review , 2010, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[22]  D. Mutti,et al.  Peripheral refraction and ocular shape in children. , 2000, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[23]  Paul Mitchell,et al.  The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia. , 2004, Archives of ophthalmology.

[24]  D G Pelli,et al.  The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. , 1997, Spatial vision.

[25]  Nancy J. Coletta,et al.  Effect of myopia on visual acuity measured with laser interference fringes , 2006, Vision Research.

[26]  F. Schaeffel,et al.  Mathematical model of emmetropization in the chicken. , 1988, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[27]  Edgar Erdfelder,et al.  G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences , 2007, Behavior research methods.

[28]  J Rovamo,et al.  Resolution of gratings oriented along and across meridians in peripheral vision. , 1982, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[29]  Mohamed Dirani,et al.  Peripheral refraction and refractive error in singapore chinese children. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[30]  F. Thorn,et al.  Effect of Luminance Level on Contrast Sensitivity in Myopia , 1987, American journal of optometry and physiological optics.

[31]  Jörgen Gustafsson,et al.  Resolution of static and dynamic stimuli in the peripheral visual field , 2011, Vision Research.

[32]  F. Schaeffel,et al.  Defocus-induced changes in ZENK expression in the chicken retina. , 2002, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[33]  Pablo Artal,et al.  Peripheral optical errors and their change with accommodation differ between emmetropic and myopic eyes. , 2009, Journal of vision.

[34]  Pablo Artal,et al.  Peripheral refractive errors in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic young subjects. , 2002, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[35]  Candice E. Clifford-Donaldson,et al.  Optical treatment of amblyopia in astigmatic children: the sensitive period for successful treatment. , 2007, Ophthalmology.

[36]  David A. Atchison,et al.  Peripheral refraction along the horizontal and vertical visual fields in myopia , 2006, Vision Research.

[37]  I. Bodis-Wollner,et al.  The effect of blur and contrast on VEP latency: comparison between check and sinusoidal and grating patterns. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[38]  Seang-Mei Saw,et al.  Application of advanced statistics in ophthalmology. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[39]  L. Thibos,et al.  Power Vectors: An Application of Fourier Analysis to the Description and Statistical Analysis of Refractive Error , 1997, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[40]  Jörgen Gustafsson,et al.  Assessment of Objective and Subjective Eccentric Refraction , 2004, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[41]  Thomas T. Norton,et al.  Myopia : global problem, global research , 2005 .

[42]  K. Schmid,et al.  Evaluation of inner retinal function in myopia using oscillatory potentials of the multifocal electroretinogram , 2006, Vision Research.

[43]  David Coats,et al.  Effects of foveal ablation on emmetropization and form-deprivation myopia. , 2007, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[44]  Hema Radhakrishnan,et al.  Peripheral refraction for distance and near vision in emmetropes and myopes , 2007, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[45]  R S Anderson,et al.  The selective effect of optical defocus on detection and resolution acuity in peripheral vision. , 1996, Current eye research.

[46]  Knut Nordby,et al.  Is the rod visual field temporally homogeneous? , 1998, Vision Research.

[47]  Michael Bach,et al.  Principles and practice of clinical electrophysiology of vision , 1991 .

[48]  Peng Wang,et al.  An LCD Monitor with Sufficiently Precise Timing for Research in Vision , 2011, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[49]  A. Mirzajani,et al.  Effect of Lens-Induced Myopia on Visual Cortex Activity: A Functional MR Imaging Study , 2011, American Journal of Neuroradiology.

[50]  D. Atchison,et al.  Shape of the retinal surface in emmetropia and myopia. , 2005, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[51]  W N Charman,et al.  Aberrations and myopia , 2005, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[52]  Earl L. Smith,et al.  Relative peripheral hyperopic defocus alters central refractive development in infant monkeys , 2009, Vision Research.

[53]  Anne Moskowitz,et al.  Effect of retinal blur on the peak latency of the pattern evoked potential , 1981, Vision Research.

[54]  W Neil Charman,et al.  Effect of accommodation on peripheral ocular aberrations. , 2009, Journal of vision.

[55]  Padmaja Sankaridurg,et al.  Influence of accommodation on off-axis refractive errors in myopic eyes. , 2009, Journal of vision.