Die Eigenschaften und Funktionstypen der Sinnesorgane

Eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der vergleichenden Anatomie ist es, Bauplane aufzustellen. Aus der Fulle uns entgegentretender Formen werden gemeinsame Merkmale herausgehoben und als typisch fur einen bestimmten Formenkreis zusammengestellt. Die entsprechende Aufgabe der vergleichenden Physiologie mus zum Ziel haben, Funktionstypen aufzustellen. Auch hier kann das Gesetzmasige nur erkannt werden, wenn zunachst die Vielfalt der beobachteten Leistungen nach Wesensahnlichkeiten geordnet und dann das Typische eines Verwandtschaftskreises von Leistungen als Funktionstyp herausgearbeitet wird. Die Gesamtheit der Funktionstypen liefert ein Ordnungsschema fur die beobachtbaren Leistungen und ermoglicht das Erkennen grundlegender Zusammenhange.

[1]  T. Roberts,et al.  The equilibrium function of the otolith organs of the thornback ray (Raja clavata) , 1949, The Journal of physiology.

[2]  E. Florey.  Adaptationserscheinungen in den sensiblen Neuronen des Streckreceptoren des Flußkrebses , 1956 .

[3]  R. Granit.  Receptors and Sensory Perception , 1955 .

[4]  Sven Dykgraaf.  Untersuchungen über die Funktion der Seitenorgane an Fischen , 1933 .

[5]  H. Grundfest,et al.  Electrical inexcitability of synapses and some consequences in the central nervous system. , 1957, Physiological reviews.

[6]  A. Sand,et al.  The mechanism of the semicircular canal. A study of the responses of single-fibre preparations to angular accelerations and to rotation at constant speed , 1940, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences.

[7]  S. Landgren,et al.  On the excitation mechanism of the carotid baroceptors. , 1952, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[8]  S J HUBBARD,et al.  A study of rapid mechanical events in a mechanoreceptor , 1958, The Journal of physiology.

[9]  Dietrich Burkhardt,et al.  Die Antennen von Calliphora als Anzeiger der Fluggeschwindigkeit , 1957 .

[10]  D. Burkhardt.  Action potentials in the antennae of the blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) during mechanical stimulation , 1960 .

[11]  Erulkar Sd,et al.  Single-unit activity in the auditory cortex of the cat. , 1954 .

[12]  C. Enroth,et al.  The mechanism of flicker and fusion studied on single retinal elements in the dark-adapted eye of the cat. , 1952, Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[13]  J. Gray,et al.  Properties of the receptor potential in Pacinian corpuscles , 1953, The Journal of physiology.

[14]  G. Békésy.  Current Status of Theories of Hearing , 1956 .

[15]  A. C. Burton,et al.  The properties of the steady state compared to those of equilibrium as shown in characteristic biological behavior , 1939 .

[16]  Erich M. v. Hornbostel,et al.  Das räumliche Hören , 1926 .

[17]  E. Florey.  CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION AND ADAPTATION , 1957, The Journal of general physiology.

[18]  E. Hodgson.  Electrophysiological studies of arthropod chemoreception—II: Responses of labellar chemoreceptors of the blowfly to stimulation by carbohydrates , 1957 .

[19]  E. D. Adrian,et al.  The Basis of Sensation , 1928, The Indian Medical Gazette.

[20]  Kuffler Sw.  Synaptic inhibitory mechanisms: properties of dentrites and problems of excitation in isolated sensory nerve cells. , 1958 .

[21]  B. Matthews.  Nerve endings in mammalian muscle , 1933, The Journal of physiology.

[22]  A. Kühn.  Die Orientierung der Tiere im Raum , 1919 .

[23]  Richard Wagner,et al.  Probleme und Beispiele biologischer Regelung , 1954 .

[24]  S. W. Kuffler.  Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. , 1953, Journal of neurophysiology.

[25]  D. Trincker.  [Structural potentials in the semicircular canal system of guinea pigs & their changes in experimental deviations of the cupula]. , 1957, Pflugers Archiv fur die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere.

[26]  B. Katz,et al.  Depolarization of sensory terminals and the initiation of impulses in the muscle spindle , 1950, The Journal of physiology.

[27]  S. W. Kuffler.  Mechanisms of activation and motor control of stretch receptors in lobster and crayfish. , 1954, Journal of neurophysiology.

[28]  R. Granit.  Centrifugal and antidromic effects on ganglion cells of retina. , 1955, Journal of neurophysiology.

[29]  H. Dartnall,et al.  Human Visual Purple , 1953, Nature.

[30]  James E. Lebensohn,et al.  Sensory Mechanisms of the Retina , 1947 .

[31]  T. Bullock,et al.  Properties of an infra‐red receptor , 1956, The Journal of physiology.

[32]  E. Dodt.  Centrifugal impulses in rabbit's retina. , 1956, Journal of neurophysiology.

[33]  Georg v. Békésy,et al.  D-C resting potentials inside the cochlear partition , 1952 .

[34]  K. E. Hagbarth,et al.  Centrifugal mechanisms of sensory control , 1960 .

[35]  W. Oppelt,et al.  Kleines Handbuch technischer Regelvorgänge , 1962, 11. Juli.

[36]  D. Burkhardt,et al.  Die Sinnesorgane des Skeletmuskels und die nervöse Steuerung der Muskeltätigkeit , 1958 .

[37]  R. Galamboš.  Microelectrode studies on medial geniculate body of cat. III. Response to pure tones. , 1952, Journal of neurophysiology.

[38]  H. Jordan.  Die Physiologie des Tonus der Hohlmuskeln, vornehmlich der Bewegungsmuskulatur „hohlorganartiger” wirbelloser Tiere , 1938 .

[39]  P. M. Sherman,et al.  A servoanalytic study of consensual pupil reflex to light. , 1957, Journal of neurophysiology.

[40]  D. Burkhardt.  Effect of Temperature on Isolated Stretch-Receptor Organ of the Crayfish , 1959, Science.

[41]  J. Malcolm,et al.  The initiation of nerve impulses by mesenteric Pacinian corpuscles , 1950, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences.

[42]  Detlev W. Bronk,et al.  Afferent impulses in the carotid sinus nerve I. The relation of the discharge from single end organs to arterial blood pressure , 1932 .

[43]  S. W. Kuffler,et al.  FURTHER STUDY OF SOMA, DENDRITE, AND AXON EXCITATION IN SINGLE NEURONS , 1955, The Journal of general physiology.

[44]  D. Ottoson,et al.  Analysis of the electrical activity of the olfactory epithelium. , 1955, Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[45]  Hermann Schöne,et al.  Die Lageorientierung mit Statolithenorganen und Augen , 1959 .

[46]  A. Sand,et al.  The function of the ampullae of Lorenzini, with some observations on the effect of temperature on sensory rhythms , 1938 .

[47]  J. Pringle.  The Function of the Lyriform Organs of Arachnids , 1955 .

[48]  H. Autrum.  ber Lautusserungen und Schallwahrnehmung bei Arthropoden II: Das Richtungshren von Locusta und Versuch einer Hrtheorie fr Tympanalorgane vom Locustidentyp , 1940 .

[49]  H. K. Hartline,et al.  THE RESPONSE OF SINGLE OPTIC NERVE FIBERS OF THE VERTEBRATE EYE TO ILLUMINATION OF THE RETINA , 1938 .

[50]  S. W. Kuffler,et al.  PROCESSES OF EXCITATION IN THE DENDRITES AND IN THE SOMA OF SINGLE ISOLATED SENSORY NERVE CELLS OF THE LOBSTER AND CRAYFISH , 1955, The Journal of general physiology.

[51]  B. Katz.  Action potentials from a sensory nerve ending , 1950, The Journal of physiology.

[52]  C. H. Graham,et al.  Nerve impulses from single receptors in the eye , 1932 .

[53]  H. Hensel.  [Behavior of thermoreceptors in sudden change of temperature]. , 1953, Pflugers Archiv fur die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere.

[54]  K. D. Roeder,et al.  Electrophysiological studies of arthropod chemoreception. I. General properties of the labellar chemoreceptors of Diptera. , 1956, Journal of cellular and comparative physiology.

[55]  R. Galamboš.  Suppression of auditory nerve activity by stimulation of efferent fibers to cochlea. , 1956, Journal of neurophysiology.

[56]  J. Pringle,et al.  The Response Of A Sense Organ To A Harmonic Stimulus , 1952 .

[57]  C. Wiersma,et al.  Unidirectional Movement Fibres from A Proprioceptive Organ of the Crab, Carcinus Maenas , 1959 .

[58]  D. Kennedy,et al.  SELECTIVE LIGHT ABSORPTION BY THE LENSES OF LOWER VERTEBRATES, AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY , 1956 .

[59]  C. Wiersma,et al.  Physiological and Pharmacological Observations on Muscle Receptor Organs of the Crayfish, Cambarus Clarkii Girard , 1953 .

[60]  C. Heymans,et al.  Les Chémo-récepteurs du Sinus Carotidien , 1939 .

[61]  R. Galamboš,et al.  THE RESPONSE OF SINGLE AUDITORY-NERVE FIBERS TO ACOUSTIC STIMULATION , 1943 .