Generative urban design: A systematic review on problem formulation, design generation, and decision-making

[1]  Feifeng Jiang,et al.  Building layout generation using site-embedded GAN model , 2023, Automation in Construction.

[2]  M. Iwami,et al.  Computational decision-support tools for urban design to improve resilience against COVID-19 and other infectious diseases: A systematic review , 2022, Progress in Planning.

[3]  Bruno Esattore,et al.  The fox who cried wolf: A keywords and literature trend analysis on the phenomenon of mesopredator release , 2021, Ecological Complexity.

[4]  Hongjie Jia,et al.  Multi-stage stochastic planning of regional integrated energy system based on scenario tree path optimization under long-term multiple uncertainties , 2021 .

[5]  Llewellyn D. W. Thomas,et al.  Generativity: A systematic review and conceptual framework , 2021, International Journal of Management Reviews.

[6]  R. Djalante,et al.  Urban experiments with public transport for low carbon mobility transitions in cities: A systematic literature review (1990–2020) , 2021 .

[7]  Rida Azmi,et al.  Reviewing the application of machine learning methods to model urban form indicators in planning decision support systems: Potential, issues and challenges , 2021, J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci..

[8]  Hao Wang,et al.  Collaborative decision-making for urban regeneration: A literature review and bibliometric analysis , 2021 .

[9]  Ye Tian,et al.  A multi-stage evolutionary algorithm for multi-objective optimization with complex constraints , 2021, Inf. Sci..

[10]  Mohammed Ayoub,et al.  GeneRT: A Generative Raytracing Tool for the rapid approximation of internal luminous conditions , 2021 .

[11]  Stanislava Fedorova.  GANs for Urban Design , 2021, ArXiv.

[12]  Peihao Tong.  Characteristics, dimensions and methods of current assessment for urban resilience to climate-related disasters: A systematic review of the literature , 2021 .

[13]  Wenyu Yang,et al.  Assessing the performance of gray and green strategies for sustainable urban drainage system development: A multi-criteria decision-making analysis , 2021 .

[14]  Guanghao Li,et al.  Urban neighbourhood environment assessment based on street view image processing: A review of research trends , 2021 .

[15]  Jonathan Natanian,et al.  Simplified evaluation metrics for generative energy-driven urban design: A morphological study of residential blocks in Tel Aviv , 2021, Energy and Buildings.

[16]  Lars Ruthotto,et al.  An introduction to deep generative modeling , 2021, GAMM-Mitteilungen.

[17]  S Al Qeisi,et al.  Generative Urban Design Concepts and Methods: A Research Review , 2021 .

[18]  H. Seo,et al.  Trends in Civic Engagement Disaster Safety Education Research: Systematic Literature Review and Keyword Network Analysis , 2021, Sustainability.

[19]  Wenzhu Li,et al.  Ecological performance evaluation methods in urban existing community regeneration: a comprehensive review , 2021 .

[20]  Fei Chen,et al.  Liveable streets in Shanghai: Definition, characteristics and design , 2021 .

[21]  Niven Winchester,et al.  Impacts of China's Emissions Trading Scheme on the National and Hong Kong Economies: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis , 2020, Frontiers in Environmental Science.

[22]  Athina Stamatopoulou.  Design for Relations , 2020, FormAkademisk - forskningstidsskrift for design og designdidaktikk.

[23]  Petros Faloutsos,et al.  Graph-based generative representation learning of semantically and behaviorally augmented floorplans , 2020, The Visual Computer.

[24]  Xiao Wang,et al.  Generative urban design using shape grammar and block morphological analysis , 2020 .

[25]  J. Partanen,et al.  Viewpoint: City Information Modelling (CIM) and Digitizing Urban Design Practices , 2020 .

[26]  Marcus Sandberg,et al.  Architectural Design Exploration Using Generative Design: Framework Development and Case Study of a Residential Block , 2020, Buildings.

[27]  Mohsen Sardari,et al.  Building Placements In Urban Modeling Using Conditional Generative Latent Optimization , 2020, 2020 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP).

[28]  A. Almeida,et al.  Multidimensional flood risk management under climate changes: Bibliometric analysis, trends and strategic guidelines for decision-making in urban dynamics , 2020 .

[29]  Lisha Feng,et al.  Bibliometric Analysis of the Synthesis of Nanocatalyst (1999–2018) , 2020, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.

[30]  César A. Hidalgo,et al.  The amenity mix of urban neighborhoods , 2020, Habitat International.

[31]  Peng Peng,et al.  GE-GAN: A novel deep learning framework for road traffic state estimation , 2020 .

[32]  Fazia Ali-Toudert,et al.  Comprehensive Assessment Method for Sustainable Urban Development (CAMSUD) - A New Multi-Criteria System for Planning, Evaluation and Decision-Making , 2020 .

[33]  David Bull,et al.  Artificial intelligence in the creative industries: a review , 2020, Artif. Intell. Rev..

[34]  Ignacio Pérez-Martínez,et al.  A Preliminary Approach to Allocate Categories of Buildings into Lands based on Generative Design , 2020, 2020 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE).

[35]  Yufan Miao,et al.  Integrating urban analysis, generative design, and evolutionary optimization for solving urban design problems , 2020 .

[36]  Ahmed Bouferguene,et al.  Generative systems in the architecture, engineering and construction industry: A systematic review and analysis , 2020 .

[37]  Moureen Asaad,et al.  Urban design & urban planning: A critical analysis to the theoretical relationship gap , 2020 .

[38]  Tommaso Di Noia,et al.  A survey on Adversarial Recommender Systems: from Attack/Defense strategies to Generative Adversarial Networks , 2020 .

[39]  Jinyang Deng,et al.  Using social design to visualize outcomes of sustainable tourism planning: a multiphase, transdisciplinary approach , 2020 .

[40]  Ariel Noyman,et al.  DeepScope: HCI Platform for Generative Cityscape Visualization , 2020, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[41]  Perry Pei-Ju Yang,et al.  Data-driven planning support system for a campus design , 2020, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science.

[42]  Geoff Kimm,et al.  Actual and experiential shadow origin tagging: A 2.5D algorithm for efficient precinct-scale modelling , 2020 .

[43]  Uroš Radosavljević,et al.  Strategic Planning and Management Model for the Regeneration of Historic Urban Landscapes: The Case of Historic Center of Novi Pazar in Serbia , 2020 .

[44]  Mohammed Makki,et al.  Application of homeostatic principles within evolutionary design processes: adaptive urban tissues , 2020, J. Comput. Des. Eng..

[45]  Thomas Auer,et al.  Urban performance and density: Generative study on interdependencies of urban form and environmental measures , 2020 .

[46]  Jiaqi Zheng,et al.  Toward optimal participant decisions with voting-based incentive model for crowd sensing , 2020, Inf. Sci..

[47]  R. Fox-Kämper,et al.  What is urban design? A proposal for a common understanding , 2020 .

[48]  Na Wang,et al.  Generating urban fabric in the orthogonal or non-orthogonal urban landscape , 2020 .

[49]  Olgu Çalışkan,et al.  Design for Mitigating Urban Heat Island: Proposal of a Parametric Model , 2019 .

[50]  J. Plocher,et al.  Review on design and structural optimisation in additive manufacturing: Towards next-generation lightweight structures , 2019 .

[51]  Robert Ward,et al.  Lightweight Semiautomatic City Engine Systems: A Specific Case of Urban Induction Theory , 2019 .

[52]  Xavier Marsault,et al.  An interactive and generative eco-design tool for architects in the sketch phase , 2019, Journal of Physics: Conference Series.

[53]  Mingrui Liu,et al.  Decentralized Parallel Algorithm for Training Generative Adversarial Nets , 2019, ArXiv.

[54]  Eugénio Rodrigues,et al.  Performance-based design of multi-story buildings for a sustainable urban environment: A case study , 2019, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[55]  Ian K. Belton,et al.  Improving the practical application of the Delphi method in group-based judgment: A six-step prescription for a well-founded and defensible process , 2019, Technological Forecasting and Social Change.

[56]  Frédéric Wurtz,et al.  An Approach to Study District Thermal Flexibility Using Generative Modeling from Existing Data , 2019, Energies.

[57]  Bin Chen,et al.  Climate-Conscious Urban Growth Mitigates Urban Warming: Evidence from Shenzhen, China. , 2019, Environmental science & technology.

[58]  Steven Jige Quan,et al.  Artificial intelligence-aided design: Smart Design for sustainable city development , 2019, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science.

[59]  Daniel Castro-Lacouture,et al.  Multivariate relationships between campus design parameters and energy performance using reinforcement learning and parametric modeling , 2019, Applied Energy.

[60]  Jinsoo Park,et al.  Service Quality in Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review and Keyword Network Analysis , 2019, Sustainability.

[61]  V. Macca,et al.  Seismic Vulnerability and Old Towns. A Cost-Based Programming Model , 2019, Appraisal and Valuation.

[62]  Jingwei Huang,et al.  Systems Design in The Emerging Digital Age , 2019, J. Integr. Des. Process. Sci..

[63]  N. Nascimento,et al.  Urban environmental quality and wellbeing in the context of incomplete urbanisation in Brazil: Integrating directly experienced ecosystem services into planning , 2019, Progress in Planning.

[64]  Roberto Murcio,et al.  Modelling urban networks using Variational Autoencoders , 2019, Appl. Netw. Sci..

[65]  Ksenija Lalović,et al.  Nodes and Networks: The Generative Role of Cultural Heritage for Urban Revival in Kikinda , 2019, Sustainability.

[66]  Kwan-Liu Ma,et al.  A Deep Generative Model for Graph Layout , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[67]  Michela Longo,et al.  Simulation and optimisation study of the integration of distributed generation and electric vehicles in smart residential district , 2019, International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering.

[68]  Daniel Castro-Lacouture,et al.  Generative design and performance modeling for relationships between urban built forms, sky opening, solar radiation and energy , 2019, Energy Procedia.

[69]  Chen Feng,et al.  The definition of syntactic types: The generation, analysis, and sorting of universes of superblock designs , 2018, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science.

[70]  Eugénio Rodrigues,et al.  Review on performance aspects of nearly zero-energy districts , 2018, Sustainable Cities and Society.

[71]  Lingjing Wang,et al.  Unsupervised Learning of 3D Model Reconstruction from Hand-Drawn Sketches , 2018, ACM Multimedia.

[72]  John Taplin,et al.  Adapting principles of developmental biology and agent-based modelling for automated urban residential layout design , 2018 .

[73]  Yufan Miao,et al.  Computational urban design prototyping: Interactive planning synthesis methods—a case study in Cape Town , 2018, International Journal of Architectural Computing.

[74]  Matthew Carmona,et al.  Place value: place quality and its impact on health, social, economic and environmental outcomes , 2018, Journal of Urban Design.

[75]  Fátima Loureiro de Matos.  Urban morphology: An introduction to the study of the physical form of cities, by Vítor Oliveira , 2018 .

[76]  N. Nguyen.  Simulating the Generative Process of Urban Form: An Application Using OpenSim , 2018 .

[77]  R. Hickman,et al.  Street appeal: The value of street improvements , 2017, Progress in Planning.

[78]  Thomas Vanoutrive,et al.  Don’t think of them as roads. Think of them as road transport markets: Congestion pricing as a neoliberal political project , 2017 .

[79]  Eugénio Rodrigues,et al.  A review on current advances in the energy and environmental performance of buildings towards a more sustainable built environment , 2017 .

[80]  Zhongming Shi,et al.  A review of simulation-based urban form generation and optimization for energy-driven urban design , 2017 .

[81]  Olgu Çalışkan,et al.  Parametric Design in Urbanism: A Critical Reflection , 2017 .

[82]  Reinhard Koenig,et al.  Interactive Urban Synthesis - Computational Methods for Fast Prototyping of Urban Design Proposals , 2017, CAAD Futures.

[83]  T. Theodosiou,et al.  Performance Simulation Integrated in Parametric 3D Modeling as a Method for Early Stage Design Optimization—A Review , 2017 .

[84]  Hao Wu,et al.  Speculative Urban Types - A Cellular Automata Evolutionary Approach , 2017, Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA).

[85]  Yufan Miao,et al.  Empowering Urban Design Prototyping - A Case Study in Cape Town with Interactive Computational Synthesis Methods , 2017, Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA).

[86]  Sylvain Kubicki,et al.  Data-driven development in the smart city: Generative design for refugee camps in Luxembourg , 2017 .

[87]  Jenni Partanen,et al.  An Urban Cellular Automata Model for Simulating Dynamic States on a Local Scale , 2016, Entropy.

[88]  Stéphane Bressan,et al.  Detecting Communities of Commuters: Graph Based Techniques Versus Generative Models , 2016, OTM Conferences.

[89]  Shixin Cheng,et al.  An innovative hybrid multi-objective particle swarm optimization with or without constraints handling , 2016, Appl. Soft Comput..

[90]  Michael Isnaeni Djimantoro,et al.  Smart city planning system on settlement area , 2016, 2016 International Conference on ICT For Smart Society (ICISS).

[91]  Luca Caneparo,et al.  Semantic urban modelling: Knowledge representation of urban space , 2016 .

[92]  Salvatore Giuffrida,et al.  Strategic Planning in the Old Towns’ Preservations. A Valuation-generative Pattern for the Urban Fabric Rehabilitations , 2016 .

[93]  Alberto Traverso,et al.  Design optimisation of smart poly-generation energy districts through a model based approach , 2016 .

[94]  B. Baetz,et al.  A GIS-based land-use diversity index model to measure the degree of suburban sprawl , 2015 .

[95]  Monjur Mourshed,et al.  A critical review of environmental assessment tools for sustainable urban design , 2015 .

[96]  Sean Hanna,et al.  Reduced-order urban wind interference , 2015, Simul..

[97]  Ke Chen,et al.  Bridging BIM and building: From a literature review to an integrated conceptual framework , 2015 .

[98]  M. Carmona.  London's local high streets: The problems, potential and complexities of mixed street corridors , 2015 .

[99]  B. Head,et al.  Wicked Problems , 2015 .

[100]  Héctor Cancela,et al.  Mathematical programming formulations for transit network design , 2015 .

[101]  Gerhard Schmitt,et al.  Graphical Smalltalk with My Optimization System for Urban Planning Tasks , 2013 .

[102]  Francis Tibbalds.  ‘Places’ Matter Most , 2012 .

[103]  Rudi Stouffs,et al.  Designing with Urban Induction Patterns: A Methodological Approach , 2012 .

[104]  Bill Hillier,et al.  Compositional and urban form effects on centres in Greater London , 2012 .

[105]  Ning Gu,et al.  Towards an integrated generative design framework , 2012 .

[106]  Michael James Biddulph,et al.  The problem with thinking about or for urban design , 2012 .

[107]  Stephen Marshall,et al.  A joint framework for urban morphology and design , 2011 .

[108]  Chris Webster,et al.  Pricing accessibility: Urban morphology, design and missing markets , 2010 .

[109]  Patrik Schumacher,et al.  Parametricism: A New Global Style for Architecture and Urban Design , 2009 .

[110]  R. Kingston.  Public Participation in Local Policy Decision-making: The Role of Web-based Mapping , 2007 .

[111]  Alex Krieger,et al.  TERRITORIES OF URBAN DESIGN , 2006 .

[112]  Ali Madanipour,et al.  Roles and Challenges of Urban Design , 2006 .

[113]  A. Madanipour.  Viewpoint: Why Urban Design? , 2004 .

[114]  C. Webster.  Property Rights and the Public Realm: Gates, Green Belts, and Gemeinschaft , 2002 .

[115]  C. Webster,et al.  The Global Spread of Gated Communities , 2002 .

[116]  I. Turton,et al.  Public Participation, GIS, and Cyberdemocracy: Evaluating on-Line Spatial Decision Support Systems , 2001 .

[117]  Ernest Sternberg,et al.  An Integrative Theory of Urban Design , 2000 .

[118]  E R Alexander,et al.  Planning and Plan Implementation: Notes on Evaluation Criteria , 1989 .

[119]  D. Appleyard,et al.  “Toward an Urban Design Manifesto” , 1987, The City Reader.

[120]  E. Alexander,et al.  Evaluating Plan Implementation: The National Statutory Planning System in Israel , 1983 .

[121]  H. Rittel,et al.  Dilemmas in a general theory of planning , 1973 .

[122]  S. Schneider,et al.  Measuring Sustainability and Urban Data Operationalization - An integrated computational framework to evaluate and interpret the performance of the urban form. , 2021, CAADRIA proceedings.

[123]  Runjia Tian,et al.  Suggestive Site Planning with Conditional GAN and Urban GIS Data , 2021, Proceedings of the 2020 DigitalFUTURES.

[124]  Jeroen van Ameijde,et al.  In-Between Spaces: Data-driven Analysis and Generative Design for Public Housing Estate Layouts , 2021, CAADRIA proceedings.

[125]  M. Vuckovic,et al.  KPI-Driven Parametric Design of Urban Systems , 2021, CAADRIA proceedings.

[126]  Nathan C. Brown,et al.  Urban Design Optimization: Generative Approaches towards Urban Fabrics with Improved Transit Accessibility and Walkability - generative approaches towards urban fabrics with improved transit accessibility and walkability , 2021, CAADRIA proceedings.

[127]  E. Fregonara.  A life cycle perspective for infrastructure management , 2021 .

[128]  Hiroatsu Fukuda,et al.  Computational Approach in Investigating Surface and Site Radiation in the Early Phase of Designing Two-Story Wooden House in Orio District, Kitakyushu, Japan , 2021 .

[129]  Philip F. Yuan,et al.  Generative design method of building group - Based on generative adversarial network and genetic algorithm , 2021, CAADRIA proceedings.

[130]  Takashi Machida,et al.  RoadNetGAN: Generating Road Networks in Planar Graph Representation , 2020, ICONIP.

[131]  Reinhard Koenig,et al.  The Development of Optimization Methods in Generative Urban Design: A Review , 2020 .

[132]  Hao Zheng,et al.  Machine Learning Assisted Urban Filling , 2020, CAADRIA proceedings.

[133]  De Yu.  Reprogramming Urban Block by Machine Creativity - How to use neural networks as generative tools to design space , 2020, eCAADe proceedings.

[134]  Carlos González-Val,et al.  Generative Design for Social Manufacturing , 2020, ADGN@ECAI.

[135]  Jeroen van Ameijde,et al.  Generative Housing Communities - Design of Participatory Spaces in Public Housing Using Network Configurational Theories , 2020, CAADRIA proceedings.

[136]  Ramesh Krishnamurti,et al.  Integrating building footprint prediction and building massing - an experiment in Pittsburgh , 2020, CAADRIA proceedings.

[137]  Sheng-Ming Wang,et al.  Using Space Syntax and Information Visualization for Spatial Behavior Analysis and Simulation , 2019, International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications.

[138]  S. Marshall,et al.  Explorations in Generative Street Layouts , 2019 .

[139]  M. Khalifa,et al.  Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practice in the Urban Design Process: Towards Multidisciplinary Success Considerations , 2019, Urban and Transit Planning.

[140]  Hanshuang Tong,et al.  A Generative Design Method for the Functional Layout of Town Planning based on Multi-Agent System , 2019, Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA) [Volume 2].

[141]  M. Rahimian,et al.  A Grammar-Based Generative Urban Design Tool Considering Topographic Constraints - The Case for American Urban Planning , 2019, Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) & 23rd Conference of the Iberoamerican Society Digital Graphics [Volume 3].

[142]  P. Tang,et al.  Analysis and Conservation Methods of Traditional Architecture and Settlement Based on Knowledge Discovery and Digital Generation - A Case Study of Gunanjie Street in China , 2019, CAADRIA proceedings.

[143]  Philip F. Yuan,et al.  The Future of Environmental Performance Architectural Design Based on Human-Computer Interaction - Prediction Generation Based on Physical Wind Tunnel and Neural Network Algorithms , 2019, Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA) [Volume 2].

[144]  Jianan Xu,et al.  Application of Case-Based Methods and Information Technology in Urban Design - The Renewal Design of the urban region around Roma Railway Station , 2019, CAADRIA proceedings.

[145]  S. Serdar,et al.  Generative Landscape Modeling in Urban Open Space Design: An Experimental Approach , 2019 .

[146]  Wen Yi,et al.  Mathematical programming models for construction site layout problems , 2018 .

[147]  Maki Matsushita Kiwa and Mizutani Akihiro Kasahara,et al.  Learning from Generative Design System in the 60's - Case Study of Agricultural City Project by Kisho Kurokawa , 2018, Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) [Volume 2].

[148]  P. Unger,et al.  The Game of Urban Attractiveness Shape Grammars and Cellular Automata Based Tool for Prediction of Human ’ s Behaviour in Cities , 2018 .

[149]  Todor Stojanovski,et al.  City Information Modelling (CIM) and Urban Design - Morphological Structure, Design Elements and Programming Classes in CIM , 2018, eCAADe proceedings.

[150]  John Haymaker,et al.  Bibil: A Performance-Based Framework to Determine Built Form Guidelines , 2017 .

[151]  Dirk Donath,et al.  Towards a modular design strategy for urban masterplanning - Experiences from a parametric urban design studio on emerging cities in Ethiopia , 2017, Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) [Volume 1].

[152]  Jacek Markusiewicz,et al.  Human-driven and machine-driven decisions in urban design and architecture - A comparison of two different methods in finding solutions to a complex problem , 2017, Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) [Volume 1].

[153]  Julie Jupp,et al.  Performance-based Design of Tall Building Envelopes using Competing Wind Load and Wind Flow Criteria ☆ , 2017 .

[154]  A. Yunitsyna,et al.  Generative computational tools for the design of Urban Morphology , 2017, Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) [Volume 1].

[155]  T. Patt.  Toward Temporal and Punctual Urban Redevelopment in Dynamic, Informal Contexts - An Adaptive Masterplan Driven by Architectural Interventions Using Multiagent Modeling , 2017, Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA).

[156]  B. Coorey.  Generating Urban Form , 2017, Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA).

[157]  Dengsheng Wu,et al.  Mapping the Research Trends by Co-word Analysis Based on Keywords from Funded Project , 2016 .

[158]  Tong Xiao,et al.  Physical and numerical simulation as a generative design tool , 2016, CAADRIA proceedings.

[159]  José Beirão,et al.  Ontologies and Shape Grammars - A Relational Overview Towards Semantic Design Systems , 2016, Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) [Volume 2].

[160]  R. Stouffs,et al.  Parametric Modelling with GIS , 2016, Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) [Volume 2].

[161]  A. Kaźmierczak,et al.  Climate change and the city: Building capacity for urban adaptation , 2015 .

[162]  Gabriele Lobaccaro,et al.  Solar Energy in Urban Environment: How Urban Densification Affects Existing Buildings☆ , 2014 .

[163]  Matthew Carmona,et al.  The Place-shaping Continuum: A Theory of Urban Design Process , 2014 .

[164]  Sven Schneider,et al.  Exploring the Generative Potential of Isovist Fields: The Evolutionary Generation of Urban Layouts based on Isovist Field Properties , 2012 .

[165]  Gabriela Celani,et al.  Optimizing the “characteristic structure”: Combining shape grammars and genetic algorithms to generate urban patterns , 2011, Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe).

[166]  C. Webster.  Property rights, public space and urban design , 2007 .

[167]  Martin Dodge,et al.  IN URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN , 1998 .

[168]  K. Arrow,et al.  You have printed the following article : A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare , 2022 .