Assessment of Environmental and Economic Impacts of Pesticide Use

Worldwide, about 2.5 million tons of pesticides are applied each year with a purchase price of $20 billion (PN, 1990). In the United States approximately 500,000 tons of 600 different types of pesticides are used annually at a cost of $4.1 billion (including application costs) (Pimentel et al., 1991).

[1]  T. A. Brindley.  Pest control: An Assessment of Present and Alternative Technologies , 1976 .

[2]  Nancy N. Ragsdale,et al.  Carcinogenicity and pesticides. Principles, issues, and relationships. , 1989 .

[3]  I. N. Oka.  Success and challenges of the Indonesia National Integrated Pest Management Program in the rice-based cropping system , 1991 .

[4]  R. Krauss,et al.  INFERTILITY IN MALE PESTICIDE WORKERS , 1977, The Lancet.

[5]  Robert M. Clark.  Water Supply Regionalization: A Critical Evaluation , 1979 .

[6]  T. G. Reeves,et al.  Yield losses in weed‐free wheat and barley due to post‐emergence herbicides , 1975 .

[7]  M. Lotti.  The Delayed Polyneuropathy Caused by Some Organophosphorus Esters , 1988 .

[8]  T. Lavy,et al.  Exposure of non-applicator personnel and adjacent areas to aerially applied propanil , 1987, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[9]  Lynn White,et al.  The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis , 1967, Science.

[10]  A. Watson,et al.  The Partridge. Pesticides, Predation and Conservation. , 1987 .

[11]  B. Devens,et al.  O,O,S-Trimethyl phosphorothioate effects on immunocompetence , 1985 .

[12]  K. Moore,et al.  Ecology and management of soilborne plant pathogens , 1985 .

[13]  D. Commerce.  Statistical abstract of the United States , 1978 .

[14]  R. Norstrom,et al.  Organochlorines and eggshell thinning in northern gannets (Sula bassanus) from Eastern Canada, 1968-1984. , 1988, Environmental pollution.

[15]  M. Doudoroff,et al.  The Microbial World , 1977 .

[16]  S. Senner,et al.  Migration Counts of Raptors at Hawk Mountain, Pennsylvania, as Indicators of Population Trends, 1934-1986 , 1990 .

[17]  Brian A. Croft,et al.  Arthropod biological control agents and pesticides , 1990 .

[18]  David A. Andow,et al.  Environmental and social costs of pesticides: A preliminary assessment , 1980 .

[19]  S. Dogheim,et al.  Pesticide residues in milk and fish samples collected from two Egyptian Governorates. , 1990, Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

[20]  T. Cairns,et al.  Pesticide residue findings by the Luke method in domestic and imported foods and animal feeds for fiscal years 1982-1986. , 1988, Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

[21]  D. Weisenburger,et al.  A Case‐Control Study of Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma and the Herbicide 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2, 4‐D) in Eastern Nebraska , 1990, Epidemiology.

[22]  P. Sudershan,et al.  The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment , 1979 .

[23]  C. Edwards,et al.  Nitrogenous fertilizers and earthworm populations in agricultural soils , 1982 .

[24]  D. Blair,et al.  Consumer Pesticide Concerns: A 1965 and 1984 Comparison , 1987 .

[25]  K. R. Frost,et al.  Pesticide Drift. I. High-Clearance vs. Aerial Application of Sprays , 1969 .

[26]  David Bull,et al.  A growing problem : pesticides and the Third World poor , 1982 .

[27]  Maurice B. Green,et al.  Managing resistance to agrochemicals : from fundamental research to practical strategies , 1990 .

[28]  D. Nordstrom,et al.  Chronic exposure to aldicarb-contaminated groundwater and human immune function. , 1986, Environmental research.

[29]  A. Blair,et al.  Methodologic issues in exposure assessment for case-control studies of cancer and herbicides. , 1990, American journal of industrial medicine.

[30]  D. Potter,et al.  Ecology and Management of Turfgrass Insects , 1991 .

[31]  David Pimentel,et al.  CRC handbook of pest management in agriculture , 1990 .

[32]  L. Tangley,et al.  Regulating pesticides in food , 1987 .

[33]  Linda K. Lee,et al.  The magnitude and costs of groundwater contamination from agricultural chemicals: a national perspective , 1987 .

[34]  W. C. Kronland,et al.  Pesticide Drift: Deposit Efficiency from Ground Sprays on Cotton , 1975 .

[35]  R. Foote,et al.  Measurement of semen quality, fertility, and reproductive hormones to assess dibromochloropropane (DBCP) effects in live rabbits. , 1986, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[36]  E. Nordheim,et al.  Aldicarb immunomodulation in mice: An inverse dose-response to parts per billion levels in drinking water , 1987, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[37]  A. Smith,et al.  Delayed health hazards of pesticide exposure. , 1986, Annual review of public health.

[38]  Shanholtz Mi.  Meat and poultry inspection. , 1956 .

[39]  F. G. Viets.  Symposium on Ecology and Agricultural Production , 1978 .

[40]  H. Townson,et al.  Public Health Impact of Pesticides used in Agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990. 128 pp. Price Sw. fr. 21.00. ISBN 92-4-156139-4 , 1992 .

[41]  C. J. Delp.  Fungicide resistance in North America. , 1990 .

[42]  T. Litovitz,et al.  1989 annual report of the American association of poison control centers national data collection system , 1990 .

[43]  S. Mcgregor,et al.  The Role of Honey Bees in Cotton Pollination , 1955 .

[44]  D. Pimentel.  Ecological effects of pesticides on non-target species , 1971 .

[45]  R. W. Lloyd,et al.  Rotational Crop Response to Repeated Applications of Norflurazon , 1989, Weed Technology.

[46]  J. Kaplanski,et al.  Reproductive performance of dibromochloropropane-treated female rats. , 1988, International journal of fertility.

[47]  G. J. Smith.  Pesticide Use and Toxicology in Relation to Wildlife: Organophosphorus and Carbamate , Compounds , 1987 .

[48]  David Keith Todd,et al.  The water encyclopedia , 1990 .

[49]  T. Litovitz,et al.  1988 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. , 1989, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[50]  Carol Vlassoft.  Demography and vector-borne diseases , 1991 .

[51]  Clive A. Edwards,et al.  Biology of Earthworms , 1973 .

[52]  C. Walker,et al.  Pesticide effects on terrestrial wildlife , 1990 .

[53]  Francis D. Hole,et al.  Effects of animals on soil , 1981 .

[54]  A. Rovira,et al.  Effects of the Herbicide Chlorsulfuron on Rhizoctonia Bare Patch and Take-All of Barley and Wheat , 1986 .

[55]  R. Hoover,et al.  Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. , 1986, JAMA.

[56]  D. C. Dashfield.  HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE , 1954 .

[57]  J A Lewis,et al.  Chronic neurological sequelae of acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning. , 1988, Archives of environmental health.

[58]  D. Pimentel.  Herbivore Population Feeding Pressure on Plant Hosts: Feedback Evolution and Host Conservation , 1988 .

[59]  S. Mcgregor.  Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants. , 1976 .

[60]  J. Trumble,et al.  Impact of Pesticides for Tomato Fruitworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Suppression on Photosynthesis, Yield, and Nontarget Arthropods in Strawberries , 1988 .

[61]  Gerald O. Barney,et al.  The Global 2000 report to the President , 1981 .

[62]  H I Morrison,et al.  Mortality study of Canadian male farm operators: non-Hodgkin's lymphoma mortality and agricultural practices in Saskatchewan. , 1990, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[63]  M. R. Smith,et al.  POISONING OF CANADA GEESE IN TEXAS BY PARATHION SPRAYED FOR CONTROL OF RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID , 1991, Journal of wildlife diseases.

[64]  Daniel M. Violette,et al.  The value of reducing risks of death: A note on new evidence , 1989 .

[65]  J. Caseley,et al.  Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops , 1991 .

[66]  J. Harvey,et al.  Chemical and Biological Controls in Forestry , 1984 .

[67]  Peter J. A. Kleinman,et al.  Environmental and Economic Impacts of Reducing U.S. Agricultural Pesticide Use , 1993 .

[68]  F. Hiraldo,et al.  Organochlorine and heavy metal contamination in the eggs of the Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila (heliaca) adalberti) and accompanying changes in eggshell morphology and chemistry. , 1988, Environmental pollution.

[69]  G. A. Hassan,et al.  Effect of organophosphorus (dimethoate) and pyrethroid (deltamethrin) pesticides on semen characteristics in rabbits. , 1988, Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes.

[70]  L. Slobodkin,et al.  Community Structure, Population Control, and Competition , 1960, The American Naturalist.

[71]  B. Peckarsky,et al.  Why do Ephemerella nymphs scorpion posture : a ghost of predation past? , 1988 .

[72]  R. Balcomb.  Songbird carcasses disappear rapidly from agricultural fields , 1986 .

[73]  J. Schultz,et al.  Chapter 8 – Insect Pest Outbreaks in Agroecosystems , 1987 .

[74]  J. Bednarz.  Flight Strategies of Migrating Hawks Paul Kerlinger , 1990 .

[75]  Kevin C. Brown,et al.  Pesticide resistance: Strategies and tactics for management: edited by the Committee on Strategies for the Management of Pesticide Resistant Pest Populations, National Academy Press, 1986. £30.15 (xi + 477 pages) ISBN 0 309 03627 5 , 1987 .

[76]  D. L. Hostetter,et al.  Sensitivity of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Nomuraea rileyi to Chemical Pesticides Used on Soybeans , 1975 .

[77]  R. Morse,et al.  The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops. II , 1989 .

[78]  John Henderson.  Legal aspects of crop spraying , 1968 .

[79]  E. Gane.  Malaria Prevention and Control , 1922 .

[80]  D. Zilberman,et al.  Economic Perspectives on Pesticide Use in California , 1990 .

[81]  L. Brown,et al.  Pesticide exposures and other agricultural risk factors for leukemia among men in Iowa and Minnesota. , 1990, Cancer research.

[82]  G. Georghiou,et al.  Overview of insecticide resistance , 1990 .

[83]  C. Grue,et al.  Assessing hazards of organophosphate pesticides to wildlife , 1983 .

[84]  J. M. Witt,et al.  Pesticide Drift IV. On-Target Deposits from Aerial Application of Insecticides , 1970 .

[85]  J. Boon.  Breeding bird census. , 1966 .

[86]  R. Risebrough.  Pesticides and Bird Populations , 1986 .

[87]  W. Stickel,et al.  DDE in birds: Lethal residues and loss rates , 1984, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[88]  A. Stringer,et al.  The effect of benomyl and thiophanate-methyl on earthworm populations in apple orchards , 1974 .

[89]  R. Kirk.  Current veterinary therapy : small animal practice , 1964 .

[90]  L. Eberhardt.  Restoring the Quality of Our Environment , 1967 .

[91]  H. V. Nanjappa,et al.  Residual effect of herbicides applied in transplanted fingermillet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) on the succeeding crops , 1983 .

[92]  Thomas D. Brock,et al.  Biology of microorganisms , 1970 .

[93]  R. M. Cruse,et al.  A National Perspective , 1991 .

[94]  C. B. Huffaker,et al.  Experimental Studies on Predation: Predation and Cyclamen-mite Populations on Strawberries in California. , 1956 .

[95]  D. Pimentel,et al.  Benefits and Costs of Pesticide Use in U.S. Food Production , 1978 .

[96]  C. Edwards,et al.  Biology of Earthworms , 1973, Springer US.

[97]  R. Atlas,et al.  Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications. , 1982 .

[98]  K. Wiklund,et al.  Cancer among farmers. A review. , 1985, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[99]  P. Debach,et al.  Biological control of insect pests and weeds , 1967 .

[100]  Douglas Johnson,et al.  Field Evaluation of Selected Pesticides on the Natural Development of the Entomopathogen, Nomuraea rileyi , on the Velvetbean Caterpillar in Soybean , , , , 1976 .

[101]  G. Potashnik,et al.  Dibromochloropropane (DBCP): an 8-year reevaluation of testicular function and reproductive performance. , 1987, Fertility and sterility.

[102]  J. A. Blank,et al.  Molecular and cellular basis of chemically induced immunotoxicity. , 1987, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[103]  K. A. King,et al.  Wildlife Hazards from Furadan 3G Applications to Rice in Texas , 1980 .

[104]  F. D. Whisler,et al.  Application of GOSSYM to Yield Decline in Cotton. I. Systems Analysis of Effects of Herbicides on Growth, Development, and Yield 1 , 1987 .