Context and Driving Forces in the Development of the Early Computer Game Nimbi

The Danish computer company Regnecentralen developed a computer version of Piet Hein's game Nimbi, a variant of the ancient game Nim, in 1962 and 1963. Piet Hein envisioned computers playing against humans, while Regnecentralen hoped Nimbi would illustrate the potential of computers to the public. Although technologically successful, Nimbi never fulfilled its promise due to hardware constraints and a lack of organizational follow-up.

[1]  Arthur L. Samuel,et al.  Programming Computers to Play Games , 1960, Adv. Comput..

[2]  Jesper Juul Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds , 2005 .

[3]  Jonas Heide Smith,et al.  Understanding Video Games: The Essential Introduction , 2008 .

[4]  B. V. Bowden,et al.  Faster than thought , 1953 .

[5]  Michael Jackson,et al.  Principles of program design , 1975 .

[6]  Lucien King Game on: The History and Culture of Video Games , 2002 .

[7]  John McCarthy,et al.  Chess as the Drosophila of AI , 1990 .

[8]  Jonathan Schaeffer,et al.  Computers, Chess, and Cognition , 2011, Springer New York.

[9]  Claude E. Shannon,et al.  Programming a computer for playing chess , 1950 .

[10]  E. Whitley Golem, Inc.: A Comment on Certain Points Where Cybernetics Impinges on Religion , 1999 .

[11]  M. Dufwenberg Game theory. , 2011, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science.

[12]  John McCarthy,et al.  Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine, Part I , 1959, Commun. ACM.

[13]  Aviezri S. Fraenkel,et al.  How Far Can Nim in Disguise Be Stretched? , 1998, J. Comb. Theory, Ser. A.

[14]  Peter Naur,et al.  GIER-A Danish Computer of Medium Size , 1963, IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput..

[15]  Norbert Wiener,et al.  God and Golem, inc. : a comment on certain points where cybernetics impinges on religion , 1964 .

[16]  Anker Helms Jørgensen An Early Danish Computer Game - The Case of Nim, Piet Hein, and Regnecentralen , 2007, History of Nordic Computing.

[17]  J. Conway On Numbers and Games , 1976 .

[18]  A. L. Samuel,et al.  Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers. II: recent progress , 1967 .

[19]  C. L. Bouton Nim, A Game with a Complete Mathematical Theory , 1901 .

[20]  Friedrich L. Bauer,et al.  Revised report on the algorithm language ALGOL 60 , 1963, CACM.

[21]  Claude E. Shannon,et al.  XXII. Programming a Computer for Playing Chess 1 , 1950 .

[22]  Donald D. Spencer Game playing with computers , 1968 .

[23]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  The game of chess , 1992 .

[24]  Jeffrey Barlow,et al.  The Ultimate History of Video Games , 2003 .

[25]  Arthur L. Samuel,et al.  Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers , 2000, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[26]  P. V. Kluver From research institute to computer company: Regnecentralen 1946-1964 , 1999 .

[27]  Peter Naur The Design of the GIER ALGOL Compiler , 1963 .

[28]  MICHAEL JACKSON Christopher Strachey: A Personal Recollection , 2000, High. Order Symb. Comput..

[29]  野下浩平 20世紀の名著名論:P. Naur (Ed.) : Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60 , 2002 .

[30]  Aviezri S. Fraenkel,et al.  Never Rush to Be First in Playing Nimbi , 1980 .

[31]  Allen Newell,et al.  Chess-Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity , 1958, IBM J. Res. Dev..