Formability of stainless steel

The forming behavior of austenitic stainless steels (types 201, 301, and 304) and ferritic stainless steels (types 437, 439, 444, and 468) was investigated. The tensile behavior and the forming-limit diagrams (FLDs) for these grades were determined. The ferritic alloys behave similarly to plain carbon steels and are relatively insensitive to small variations of strain rate and temperature. The formability of the austenitic alloys is influenced greatly by martensitic transformation during straining. The fraction of martensite transformed as a function of strain was found to be very sensitive to temperature, which, in turn, depends on the strain rate at typical testing rates (10−3 to 10−1/s). At low rates (when the specimen remains near room temperature), the formability of the austenitic alloys is markedly improved by transformation strengthening. The enhancement of formability is largest on the biaxial side of the FLD, because the fraction martensite transformed was found to depend on the absolute thickness strain, which is maximized in the balanced biaxial strain state.

[1]  A. Mcreynolds.  Effects of Stress and Deformation on the Martensite Transformation , 1949 .

[2]  R. Pearce,et al.  The anomalous behaviour of aluminium sheet under balanced biaxial tension , 1970 .

[3]  Chuan-Tao Wang,et al.  Square-punch forming: Experiments and simulations in two and three dimensions , 1992 .

[4]  Xiaoping Wang,et al.  Measurement of friction under sheet forming conditions , 1996 .

[5]  Robert H. Wagoner,et al.  Experimental investigation and finite element modeling of hemispherically stretched steel sheet , 1989 .

[6]  A. Ghosh,et al.  The Forming of Sheet Metal , 1976 .

[7]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  An analytical investigation of deformation-induced heating in tensile testing , 1987 .

[8]  Amit K. Ghosh,et al.  Effects of strain path changes on the formability of sheet metals , 1978 .

[9]  G. Krauss,et al.  Martensite formation, strain rate sensitivity, and deformation behavior of type 304 stainless steel sheet , 1989 .

[10]  Analysis of nonisothermal tensile tests using measured temperature distributions , 1987 .

[11]  A. Pineau,et al.  Martensitic transformations induced by plastic deformation in the Fe-Ni-Cr-C system , 1972 .

[12]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  Uniaxial strain hardening at large strain in several sheet steels , 1983 .

[13]  S. Varma,et al.  Effect of grain size on deformation-induced martensite formation in 304 and 316 stainless steels during room temperature tensile testing , 1994 .

[14]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  Transient tensile behavior of interstitial-free steel and 70/30 brass following plane-strain deformation , 1989 .

[15]  J. Duncan,et al.  Strain hardening at high strain in aluminum alloys and its effect on strain localization , 1981 .

[16]  Robert A. Ayres,et al.  Thermal gradients, strain rate, and ductility in sheet steel tensile specimens , 1985 .

[17]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  Plastic behavior of aluminum-killed steel following plane-strain deformation , 1983 .

[18]  W. T. Roberts,et al.  Effects of plastic anisotropy on the biaxial stretching performance of low-carbon steels , 1970 .

[19]  Robert Thompson.  The LDH Test to Evaluate Sheet Metal Formability - Final Report of the LDH Committee of the North American Deep Drawing Research Group , 1993 .

[20]  G. B. Olson,et al.  A MECHANISM FOR THE STRAIN-INDUCED NUCLEATION OF MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS* , 1972 .

[21]  Robert H. Wagoner,et al.  Practical die design via section analysis , 1992 .

[22]  W. R. D. Wilson.  Friction and Lubrication in Sheet Metal Forming , 1978 .

[23]  Discussion of “Strain Hardening at High Strain in Aluminium Alloys and Its Effect on Strain Localization” , 1981 .

[24]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  Plastic behavior of 70/30 brass sheet , 1982 .

[25]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  Effect of temperature, strain, and strain rate on the tensile flow stress of I.F. steel and stainless steel type 310 , 1986 .

[26]  S. Sriram,et al.  Development of OSU formability test and OSU friction test , 1994 .

[27]  L. Murr,et al.  Effects of Strain State and Strain Rate on Deformation-Induced Transformation in 304 Stainless Steel: Part II. Microstructural Study , 1982 .

[28]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  A finite element program for simulating sheet-metal stretch forming processes , 1992 .

[29]  Robert H. Wagoner,et al.  An experimental and analytical investigation of in-plane deformation of 2036-T4 aluminum sheet , 1979 .

[30]  Robert A. Ayres,et al.  Evaluating the GMR-Limiting Dome Height Test as a new measure of press formability near plane strain , 1978 .

[31]  Siegfried S. Hecker,et al.  Effects of Strain State and Strain Rate on Deformation-Induced Transformation in 304 Stainless Steel: Part I. Magnetic Measurements and Mechanical Behavior , 1982 .

[32]  G. Thomas,et al.  The martensite phases in 304 stainless steel , 1970 .

[33]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  Measurement and analysis of plane-strain work hardening , 1980 .

[34]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  plane-strain work hardening and transient behavior of interstitial-free steel , 1987 .

[35]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  A technique for measuring strainrate sensitivity , 1981 .

[36]  R. H. Wagoner,et al.  Effects of work-hardening and rate sensitivity on the sheet tensile test , 1988 .

[37]  Robert H. Wagoner,et al.  A new description of strain-rate sensitivity , 1981 .

[38]  R. Lagneborgj.  The martensite transformation in 18% Cr-8% Ni steels , 1964 .

[39]  G. Thomas,et al.  Structure and properties of thermal-mechanically treated 304 stainless steel , 1970 .

[40]  Robert H. Wagoner,et al.  A rigid-viscoplastic finite element program for sheet metal forming analysis , 1989 .

[41]  T. Kjer,et al.  Tensile properties of metastable stainless steels , 1972 .

[42]  Gregory B Olson,et al.  Kinetics of strain-induced martensitic nucleation , 1975 .

[43]  G. J. Wenzloff,et al.  Technical note: A new test procedure for the bending under tension friction test , 1992, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance.

[44]  Amit K. Ghosh,et al.  Failure in thin sheets stretched over rigid punches , 1975 .

[45]  B Marandet,et al.  Experimental Verification of the J Ic and Equivalent Energy Methods for the Evaluation of the Fracture Toughness of Steels , 1977 .