The Human Genome Project: where did it come from, where is it going?

The Human Genome Project is an international research initiative with the goal of producing detailed genetic and physical maps of each of the 24 different human chromosomes and, when technology allows it to be done at a reasonable cost, determining the sequence of the 3 billion nucleotides that make up human DNA. The time frame needed to accomplish all this has been estimated to be 15 years, and the cost has been estimated to be $200 million per year, or $3 billion total. In the United States, the Human Genome Project is managed principally by two government agencies, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Department of Energy (DOE). In view of its mission to improve the health of all Americans, the NIH is naturally interested in this initiative as a foundation for future research in human genetics and biology. The DOE interest stems from a long-standing program of genetic research directed at improving the ability to assess the effects of radiation and energy-related chemicals on human health. In recognition of these related interests, as well as the complementary scientific strengths of the two agencies, NIH and DOE have agreed to coordinate their respective genome activities according to a Memorandum of Understanding that outlines plans for cooperation on genome research. This document was signed by both agencies on October 1, 1988.