Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters

This paper presents solutions for one requirement of autonomous characters in animation and games: the ability to navigate around their world in a life-like and improvisational manner. These “steering behaviors” are largely independent of the particulars of the character’s means of locomotion. Combinations of steering behaviors can be used to achieve higher level goals (For example: get from here to there while avoiding obstacles, follow this corridor, join that group of characters...) This paper divides motion behavior into three levels. It will focus on the middle level of steering behaviors, briefly describe the lower level of locomotion, and touch lightly on the higher level of goal setting and strategy.

[1]  F. H. Adler Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. , 1949 .

[2]  R. F. Tredgold,et al.  The Living Brain , 1954, Mental Health.

[3]  Kenneth M. Kahn,et al.  Creation of computer animation from story descriptions , 1979 .

[4]  V. Braitenberg Vehicles, Experiments in Synthetic Psychology , 1984 .

[5]  Rodney A. Brooks,et al.  A Robust Layered Control Syste For A Mobile Robot , 2022 .

[6]  David Zeltzer,et al.  Knowledge-based animation , 1986, Workshop on Motion.

[7]  Craig W. Reynolds Flocks, herds, and schools: a distributed behavioral model , 1987, SIGGRAPH.

[8]  Michael Travers,et al.  Animal Construction Kits , 1987, ALIFE.

[9]  Ronald C. Arkin,et al.  Motor schema based navigation for a mobile robot: An approach to programming by behavior , 1987, Proceedings. 1987 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[10]  Mitchel Resnick,et al.  Lego, Logo, and Life , 1987, IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life.

[11]  Ken Perlin,et al.  An image synthesizer , 1988 .

[12]  Garfield John Ridsdale,et al.  The director's apprentice: animating figures in a constrained environment , 1988 .

[13]  Thomas W. Calvert,et al.  Goal-directed, dynamic animation of human walking , 1989, SIGGRAPH.

[14]  Ronald C. Arkin,et al.  Motor Schema — Based Mobile Robot Navigation , 1989, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[15]  R. Beer,et al.  Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology , 1990 .

[16]  Jane Wilhelms,et al.  A 'Notion' for interactive behavioral animation control , 1990, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[17]  Eugene Fiume,et al.  Reusable motion synthesis using state-space controllers , 1990, SIGGRAPH.

[18]  Daniel Thalmann,et al.  A vision-based approach to behavioural animation , 1990, Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds.

[19]  Jessica K. Hodgins,et al.  Animation of dynamic legged locomotion , 1991, SIGGRAPH.

[20]  Marvin Minsky,et al.  Desktop theater: automatic generation of expressive animation , 1991 .

[21]  David L. Weitzman On the run , 2003, Nature.

[22]  David Zeltzer,et al.  Task-level graphical simulation: abstraction, representation, and control , 1991 .

[23]  Ronald C. Arkin,et al.  Behavior-Based Robot Navigation for Extended Domains , 1992, Adapt. Behav..

[24]  W. Scott Neal Reilly,et al.  An Architecture for Action, Emotion, and Social Behavior , 1992, MAAMAW.

[25]  Mitchel Resnick,et al.  Behavior construction kits , 1993, CACM.

[26]  René Zapata,et al.  Reactive behaviors of fast mobile robots in unstructured environments: sensor-based control and neural networks , 1993 .

[27]  Karl Sims,et al.  Evolving virtual creatures , 1994, SIGGRAPH.

[28]  Yoshikazu Ohashi Fast Linear Approximations of Euclidean Distance in Higher Dimensions , 1994, Graphics Gems.

[29]  G K Still SIMULATING EGRESS USING VIRTUAL REALITY - A PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF SIMULATION AND DESIGN , 1994 .

[30]  Bruce Blumberg,et al.  Action-selection in hamsterdam: lessons from ethology , 1994 .

[31]  Demetri Terzopoulos,et al.  Artificial fishes: physics, locomotion, perception, behavior , 1994, SIGGRAPH.

[32]  David C. Brogan,et al.  Robot Herds: Group Behaviors for Systems with Significant Dynamics , 1994 .

[33]  Michael Travers LiveWorld: a construction kit for animate systems , 1994, CHI '94.

[34]  David C. Brogan,et al.  Animating human athletics , 1995, SIGGRAPH.

[35]  Bruce Blumberg,et al.  Multi-level direction of autonomous creatures for real-time virtual environments , 1995, SIGGRAPH.

[36]  Maja J. Mataric,et al.  Designing and Understanding Adaptive Group Behavior , 1995, Adapt. Behav..

[37]  Ken Perlin,et al.  Real Time Responsive Animation with Personality , 1995, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..

[38]  Alex Pentland,et al.  The ALIVE system: full-body interaction with autonomous agents , 1995, Proceedings Computer Animation'95.

[39]  D. Schwabe Reactive Agents in Behavioral Animation , 1995 .

[40]  Parris K. Egbert,et al.  Collision-free object movement using vector fields , 1996, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[41]  B. Hayes-Roth,et al.  Improvisational Puppets , Actors , and Avatars , 1996 .

[42]  Philip M. Hubbard,et al.  Approximating polyhedra with spheres for time-critical collision detection , 1996, TOGS.

[43]  Dave Cliff,et al.  Co-evolution of pursuit and evasion II: Simulation Methods and results , 1996 .

[44]  Ken Perlin,et al.  Improv: a system for scripting interactive actors in virtual worlds , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[45]  Craig W. Reynolds Flocks, herds, and schools: a distributed behavioral model , 1998 .

[46]  Brian Knep,et al.  Virtual fishtank , 1998, SIGGRAPH '98.

[47]  Xiaoyuan Tu,et al.  Artificial Animals for Computer Animation: Biomechanics, Locomotion, Perception, and Behavior , 1999, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[48]  Bjcrn Reese,et al.  Finding a Pathfinder , 1999 .