Evaluation of shoulder-specific patient-reported outcome measures: a systematic and standardized comparison of available evidence.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to perform a standardized and systematic evaluation of the available evidence on multi-item shoulder-specific patient-reported outcome measures that are applicable to a wide spectrum of disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review was conducted in PubMed to identify articles with information regarding the development process, metric properties, and administration issues of shoulder-specific patient-reported outcome measures. Two experts independently reviewed all the articles identified for one instrument and applied the EMPRO (Evaluating Measures of Patient Reported Outcomes) tool, which was designed to assess the quality of attributes in a standardized way. An overall EMPRO score and 6 attribute-specific scores were calculated (range, 0-100) to describe the quality of instrument performance. RESULTS We identified 11 instruments and 112 articles (2-30 articles per instrument). The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder assessment, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), and Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) were the best rated, with overall scores of 77.4 points, 72.6 points, and 69.7 points, respectively. They have been shown to be valid, reliable, and responsive, with a low administration burden. Acceptable results were also found for the Flexilevel Scale of Shoulder Function, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, and Dutch Shoulder Disability Questionnaire, but some of their attributes need further evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence supports the use of the ASES, SST, or OSS. We recommend the SST for longitudinal studies or clinical trials, the Dutch Shoulder Disability Questionnaire for clinical practice to minimize administration burden, and the ASES or OSS to discriminate among patients' or groups' evaluations at one point of time.

[1]  ALEXANDRA KIRKLEY,et al.  Scoring Systems for the Functional Assessment of the Shoulder , 2002 .

[2]  D. Simel,et al.  Measuring shoulder function with the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index. , 1995, The Journal of rheumatology.

[3]  V C Mow,et al.  A standardized method for the assessment of shoulder function. , 1994, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[4]  A. Mannion,et al.  Comprehensive assessment of clinical outcome and quality of life after total shoulder arthroplasty: usefulness and validity of subjective outcome measures. , 2004, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[5]  A. Silman,et al.  Prevalence of shoulder pain in the community: the influence of case definition , 1997, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[6]  R. Wright,et al.  Shoulder Outcomes Measures , 2010, The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

[7]  P. McClure,et al.  American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form, patient self-report section: reliability, validity, and responsiveness. , 2002, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[8]  A. Silman,et al.  Measurement of shoulder related disability: results of a validation study. , 1994, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[9]  T. Tammelin,et al.  Impact of self-reported musculoskeletal pain on health-related quality of life among young adults. , 2011, Pain medicine.

[10]  L. Michener,et al.  A review of self-report scales for the assessment of functional limitation and disability of the shoulder. , 2001, Journal of hand therapy : official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists.

[11]  Michael Herdman,et al.  Development of EMPRO: a tool for the standardized assessment of patient-reported outcome measures. , 2008, Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

[12]  L. Padua,et al.  Italian version of ASES questionnaire for shoulder assessment: cross-cultural adaptation and validation , 2010, Musculoskeletal surgery.

[13]  D. T. Harryman,et al.  A practical tool for evaluating function: The simple shoulder test , 1993 .

[14]  A Burdorf,et al.  Prevalence and incidence of shoulder pain in the general population; a systematic review , 2004, Scandinavian journal of rheumatology.

[15]  L. A. Knaut,et al.  Translation and cultural adaptation to the portuguese language of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder assessment form (ASES) for evaluation of shoulder function. , 2010, Revista brasileira de reumatologia.

[16]  D. Kohn,et al.  The subjective shoulder rating system , 2004, Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.

[17]  Nick Black,et al.  Patient reported outcome measures could help transform healthcare , 2013, BMJ.

[18]  F. Guillemin,et al.  Assessing health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure: a systematic, standardized comparison of available measures , 2014, Heart Failure Reviews.

[19]  L M Bouter,et al.  Shoulder disability questionnaire design and responsiveness of a functional status measure. , 2000, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[20]  Steven B Cohen,et al.  A Self-Administered Questionnaire for Assessment of Symptoms and Function of the Shoulder* , 1997, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[21]  Yvonne Vergouwe,et al.  A prediction rule for shoulder pain related sick leave: a prospective cohort study , 2006, BMC musculoskeletal disorders.

[22]  J. Oh,et al.  Comparative Evaluation of the Measurement Properties of Various Shoulder Outcome Instruments , 2009, The American journal of sports medicine.

[23]  S. Ghroubi,et al.  Translation into Arabic and validation of the ASES index in assessment of shoulder disabilities. , 2011, Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine.

[24]  I. Mehlum,et al.  Self-reported work-related health problems from the Oslo Health Study. , 2006, Occupational medicine.

[25]  Joseph P. Iannotti,et al.  Disorders of the Shoulder: Diagnosis and Management , 1999 .

[26]  Translation, cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Turkish ASES questionnaire , 2013, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy.

[27]  I. Parsons,et al.  Deficits in shoulder function and general health associated with sixteen common shoulder diagnoses: a study of 2674 patients. , 2006, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[28]  P. McClure,et al.  Measures of adult shoulder function: The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Form Patient Self-Report Section (ASES), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), Shoulder Disability Questionnaire, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and Simple Shoulder Test , 2003 .

[29]  J. Placzek,et al.  Shoulder Outcome Measures , 2004, The American journal of sports medicine.

[30]  D. Beaton,et al.  Measuring Function of the Shoulder. A Cross-Sectional Comparison of Five Questionnaires* , 1996, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[31]  Kathleenl N. Lohr,et al.  Assessing health status and quality-of-life instruments: Attributes and review criteria , 2002, Quality of Life Research.

[32]  van der Heijden GJ.  Shoulder disorders: a state-of-the-art review , 1999, Bailliere's clinical rheumatology.

[33]  Freddie H. Fu,et al.  The Shoulder: A Balance of Mobility and Stability , 1993 .

[34]  E Allander,et al.  Prevalence, incidence, and remission rates of some common rheumatic diseases or syndromes. , 1974, Scandinavian journal of rheumatology.

[35]  B. Bach,et al.  Scoring Systems for Shoulder Conditions , 1996, The American journal of sports medicine.

[36]  G. V. D. Heijden.  Shoulder disorders: a state-of-the-art review , 1999 .

[37]  J. Brox,et al.  Costs of shoulder pain and resource use in primary health care: a cost-of-illness study in Sweden , 2012, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.

[38]  K. Roach,et al.  Reliability and validity of the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI) , 1995, Paraplegia.

[39]  Ray Fitzpatrick,et al.  The Oxford shoulder score revisited , 2007, Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.

[40]  D. Simonson,et al.  Assessment of quality-of-life outcomes. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[41]  A. Carr,et al.  Questionnaire on the perceptions of patients about shoulder surgery. , 1996, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[42]  S. Lowenstein,et al.  Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the simple shoulder test: psychometric properties by age and injury type. , 2007, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[43]  J. Macdermid,et al.  The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Elbow Questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation into German and evaluation of its psychometric properties. , 2010, Journal of hand therapy : official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists.

[44]  K. Cook,et al.  Development of a Flexilevel Scale for use with computer-adaptive testing for assessing shoulder function. , 2005, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[45]  A. Viera,et al.  Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. , 2005, Family medicine.

[46]  Ray Fitzpatrick,et al.  Quality of life measurement: bibliographic study of patient assessed health outcome measures , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[47]  K. Roach,et al.  Development of a shoulder pain and disability index. , 1991, Arthritis care and research : the official journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association.

[48]  K. Cook,et al.  Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Flexilevel Scale of Shoulder Function , 2003, Medical care.

[49]  E. Bautz-Holter,et al.  A systematic review of measures of shoulder pain and functioning using the International classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) , 2013, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.