A Case for Symbol Interdependency 1 Symbolic or Embodied representations : A Case for Symbol Interdependency

A Case for Symbol Interdependency 2 Abstract Current directions in cognitive science suggest that language processing is either embodied or symbolic. Instead of posing the question whether language comprehension is embodied or symbolic, the question should be to what extent language comprehension is embodied and symbolic. The current study relies on the theoretical model that considers symbols as interdependent abstract systems of meaning occasionally grounded in the comprehenders " embodied experience of the world. Such a symbolic interdependency system would explain how symbolic representations are built onto embodied representations, would provide a convenient mnemonic support for language users and would explain why humans have and other species don " t have language. Statistical algorithms like Latent Semantic Analysis can be considered models of mechanisms behind symbol interdependency, able to reveal some of the embodied relations captured in language.

[1]  M. Ross Quillian,et al.  Retrieval time from semantic memory , 1969 .

[2]  John D. Bransford,et al.  The abstraction of linguistic ideas , 1971 .

[3]  Walter Kintsch,et al.  Reading rate and retention as a function of the number of propositions in the base structure of sentences , 1973 .

[4]  Zenon W. Pylyshyn,et al.  What the Mind’s Eye Tells the Mind’s Brain: A Critique of Mental Imagery , 1973 .

[5]  W. Kintsch,et al.  The representation of meaning in memory , 1974 .

[6]  Eric Wanner, On Remembering, Forgetting, and Understanding Sentences , 1977 .

[7]  Roger C. Schank,et al.  Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures , 1978 .

[8]  Eleanor Rosch,et al.  Principles of Categorization , 1978 .

[9]  John R. Anderson.  Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications , 1980 .

[10]  J. Fodor.  Methodological solipsism considered as a research strategy in cognitive psychology , 1980, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[11]  Zenon W. Pylyshyn,et al.  Computation and Cognition: Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science , 1984 .

[12]  Putnam,et al.  The Collected Papers. , 1988 .

[13]  R. Klatzky.  The role of motor representations in semantic sensibility judgments , 1989 .

[14]  Ramanathan V. Guha,et al.  Building large knowledge-based systems , 1989 .

[15]  Joseph H. Greenberg,et al.  Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements , 1990, On Language.

[16]  John R. Searle,et al.  Minds, brains, and programs , 1980, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[17]  Curt Burgess,et al.  Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence , 1996 .

[18]  T. Landauer,et al.  A Solution to Plato's Problem: The Latent Semantic Analysis Theory of Acquisition, Induction, and Representation of Knowledge. , 1997 .

[19]  Walter Kintsch,et al.  Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition , 1998 .

[20]  Robert L. Goldstone,et al.  Reuniting perception and conception , 1998, Cognition.

[21]  Peter W. Foltz,et al.  The Measurement of Textual Coherence with Latent Semantic Analysis. , 1998 .

[22]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Philosophy in the flesh : the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought , 1999 .

[23]  L. Barsalou,et al.  Whither structured representation? , 1999, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[24]  Patrick Morrison,et al.  The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Human Brain , 1999, BMJ.

[25]  A. Glenberg,et al.  Symbol Grounding and Meaning: A Comparison of High-Dimensional and Embodied Theories of Meaning , 2000 .

[26]  P. Bloom.  How children learn the meanings of words , 2000 .

[27]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Using Latent Semantic Analysis to Evaluate the Contributions of Students in AutoTutor , 2000, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[28]  L. Boroditsky.  Metaphoric structuring: understanding time through spatial metaphors , 2000, Cognition.

[29]  W. Kintsch.  Metaphor comprehension: A computational theory , 2000, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[30]  Rebecca Fincher-Kiefer,et al.  Perceptual components of situation models , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[31]  Michael P. Kaschak,et al.  Grounding language in action , 2002, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[32]  H. Chertkow,et al.  Semantic memory , 2002, Current neurology and neuroscience reports.

[33]  Thomas K. Landauer,et al.  On the computational basis of learning and cognition: Arguments from LSA , 2002 .

[34]  Rolf A. Zwaan.  The Immersed Experiencer: Toward An Embodied Theory Of Language Comprehension , 2003 .

[35]  Walter Kintsch,et al.  Latent Problem Solving Analysis as an explanation of expertise effects in a complex, dynamic task , 2003 .

[36]  Rolf A. Zwaan,et al.  Spatial iconicity affects semantic relatedness judgments , 2003, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[37]  Danielle S McNamara,et al.  iSTART: Interactive strategy training for active reading and thinking , 2004, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[38]  Max M. Louwerse,et al.  Semantic Variation in Idiolect and Sociolect: Corpus Linguistic Evidence from Literary Texts , 2004, Comput. Humanit..

[39]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Variation in Language and Cohesion across Written and Spoken Registers , 2004 .

[40]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Coh-Metrix: Analysis of text on cohesion and language , 2004, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[41]  Mark Steyvers,et al.  Finding scientific topics , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  Teenie Matlock,et al.  On the Experiential Link Between Spatial and Temporal Language , 2005, Cogn. Sci..

[43]  Rolf A. Zwaan,et al.  Grounding Cognition: Introduction to Grounding Cognition: The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking , 2005 .

[44]  Michael P. Kaschak,et al.  Perception of motion affects language processing , 2005, Cognition.

[45]  P. Bloom.  How Children Learn the Meaning of Words and How LSA Does It ( Too ) , 2005 .

[46]  Xiangen Hu,et al.  The Embodiment of Amodal Symbolic Knowledge Representations , 2005, FLAIRS.

[47]  S. Harnad.  Symbol grounding problem , 1991, Scholarpedia.

[48]  Patrick F. Reidy.  An Introduction to Latent Semantic Analysis , 2009 .