Hierarchical microgrid paradigm for integration of distributed energy resources

This paper describes an approach to hierarchical integration of DC and AC microgrids containing distributed energy resources (DERs) into the existing electric power distribution infrastructure. Power electronic interfaces and controls permit the aggregated units at each level to represent themselves to a higher level as a single self-controlled entity (DC or AC, load or generator). At the top level of the hierarchy, the collection of all distributed energy resources within the microgrid appears to the utility grid as indistinguishable from many other currently legitimate customer sites. Maintaining this profile relies on the flexibility of advanced power electronics that control the interfaces among distributed energy resource units, DC links, AC links, and the surrounding power system. A decoupled control framework is then proposed for the hierarchical microgrid. Operational requirements and behavioral functions of the control systems are described in the paper. A case study demonstrates the operation of the microgrid paradigm.

[1]  W.L. Kling,et al.  Investigating impacts of distributed generation on transmission system stability , 2003, 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings,.

[2]  Chris Marnay,et al.  Distributed energy resources in practice: A case study analysis and validation of LBNL's customer adoption model , 2003 .

[3]  T.S. Basso,et al.  IEEE 1547 series of standards: interconnection issues , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[4]  E.A. DeMeo,et al.  Wind plant integration [wind power plants] , 2005, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[5]  Caisheng Wang,et al.  Analytical approaches for optimal placement of distributed generation sources in power systems , 2004 .

[6]  R. W. Beck,et al.  Distributed generation can provide an appropriate customer price response to help fix wholesale price volatility , 2001, 2001 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37194).

[7]  Jun Liang,et al.  Hybrid control of multiple inverters in an island-mode distribution system , 2003, IEEE 34th Annual Conference on Power Electronics Specialist, 2003. PESC '03..

[8]  James M. Eyer,et al.  DER Benefits Analysis Studies: Final Report , 2003 .

[9]  F. Pilo,et al.  Improvement of reliability in active networks with intentional islanding , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies. Proceedings.

[10]  N. Hatziargyriou,et al.  Operation of a prototype microgrid system based on micro-sources quipped with fast-acting power electronics interfaces , 2004, 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551).

[11]  F. Blaabjerg,et al.  Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[12]  J. Miret,et al.  A wireless controller to enhance dynamic performance of parallel inverters in distributed generation systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[13]  L.K. Kumpulainen,et al.  Analysis of the impact of distributed generation on automatic reclosing , 2004, IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2004..

[14]  F. Jurado,et al.  Effect of the fuel cell on distribution system stability , 2004, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2004 (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37513).

[15]  A. Feliachi,et al.  Stability enhancement of a distribution network comprising a fuel cell and a microturbine , 2004, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2004..

[16]  Caisheng Wang,et al.  Analytical approaches for optimal placement of distributed generation sources in power systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[17]  J.G. Slootweg,et al.  Impacts of distributed generation on power system transient stability , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,.

[18]  J. Yao,et al.  Stability of a MV distribution network with electronically interfaced distributed generation , 2004, Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37521).

[19]  G. J. Rogers,et al.  Impacts of the distributed utility on transmission system stability , 1996 .

[20]  Antonello Monti,et al.  A multilanguage environment for interactive simulation and development controls for power electronics , 2001, 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37230).

[21]  Ronnie Belmans,et al.  The influence of the connection technology of dispersed energy sources on grid stability , 2004 .

[22]  A. Feliachi,et al.  Dynamic and transient analysis of power distribution systems with fuel Cells-part II: control and stability enhancement , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[23]  R. W. Johnson,et al.  DSP control of UPS inverter with over-current limit using droop method , 1999, 30th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Record. (Cat. No.99CH36321).

[24]  J. Stevens.  Development of sources and a testbed for CERTS microgrid testing , 2004, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2004..

[25]  C. Herig.  Photovoltaics as a distributed resource - making the value connection , 2003, 2003 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37491).

[26]  A. Keyhani,et al.  Control of distributed generation systems-Part I: Voltages and currents control , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[27]  Raquel Blanco,et al.  Integrated assessment of dispersed energy resources deployment , 2000 .

[28]  P. Chiradeja,et al.  Benefit of Distributed Generation: A Line Loss Reduction Analysis , 2005, 2005 IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition: Asia and Pacific.

[29]  Carlos Martínez,et al.  Research, development, and demonstration needs for large-scale, reliability-enhancing, integration of distributed energy resources , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[30]  Chris Marnay,et al.  Customer adoption of small-scale on-site power generation , 2001 .

[31]  K. Uhlen,et al.  Large-scale wind power integration and voltage stability limits in regional networks , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,.

[32]  E.F. El-Saadany,et al.  An intelligent control for the DG interface to mitigate voltage flicker , 2003, Eighteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2003. APEC '03..

[33]  F. Pilo,et al.  Meshed vs. radial MV distribution network in presence of large amount of DG , 2004, IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2004..

[34]  J. Schmid,et al.  Integration of renewable energies and distributed generators into electricity grids , 2003, 3rd World Conference onPhotovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003. Proceedings of.

[35]  Donald T Resio.  Virtual Test Bed , 1999 .

[36]  W. E. Brumsickle,et al.  Powering the next millennium with power electronics , 1999, Proceedings of the IEEE 1999 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems. PEDS'99 (Cat. No.99TH8475).

[37]  N. Yorino,et al.  An interaction problem of distributed generators installed in a MicroGrid , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies. Proceedings.

[38]  J. S. Lawler,et al.  The integration of renewable energy sources into electric power transmission systems , 1995 .

[39]  Francisco Jurado,et al.  Enhancing the distribution system stability using micro-turbines and fuel cells , 2003, 2003 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37495).

[40]  A. Keyhani,et al.  Control of distributed generation systems - Part II: Load sharing control , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[41]  A.L. Dimeas,et al.  Operation of a multiagent system for microgrid control , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[42]  R.H. Lasseter,et al.  Microgrid: a conceptual solution , 2004, 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551).