The medial temporal lobe and recognition memory.

The ability to recognize a previously experienced stimulus is supported by two processes: recollection of the stimulus in the context of other information associated with the experience, and a sense of familiarity with the features of the stimulus. Although familiarity and recollection are functionally distinct, there is considerable debate about how these kinds of memory are supported by regions in the medial temporal lobes (MTL). Here, we review evidence for the distinction between recollection and familiarity and then consider the evidence regarding the neural mechanisms of these processes. Evidence from neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological studies of humans, monkeys, and rats indicates that different subregions of the MTL make distinct contributions to recollection and familiarity. The data suggest that the hippocampus is critical for recollection but not familiarity. The parahippocampal cortex also contributes to recollection, possibly via the representation and retrieval of contextual (especially spatial) information, whereas perirhinal cortex contributes to and is necessary for familiarity-based recognition. The findings are consistent with an anatomically guided hypothesis about the functional organization of the MTL and suggest mechanisms by which the anatomical components of the MTL interact to support the phenomenology of recollection and familiarity.

[1]  James P. Egan,et al.  Recognition memory and the operating characteristic. , 1958 .

[2]  Felicia A. Huppert,et al.  The Role of Trace Strength in Recency and Frequency Judgements by Amnesic and Control Subjects , 1978, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[3]  M. Mishkin.  Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus , 1978, Nature.

[4]  W A Wickelgren,et al.  Chunking and consolidation: a theoretical synthesis of semantic networks, configuring in conditioning, S--R versus congenitive learning, normal forgetting, the amnesic syndrome, and the hippocampal arousal system. , 1979, Psychological review.

[5]  G. Handelmann,et al.  Hippocampus, space, and memory , 1979 .

[6]  Wayne A. Wickelgren,et al.  Chunking and consolidation: A theoretical synthesis of semantic networks configuring in conditioning , 1979 .

[7]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways , 1983, Trends in Neurosciences.

[8]  B. Dosher.  Discriminating preexperimental (semantic) from learned (episodic) associations: A speed-accuracy study , 1984, Cognitive Psychology.

[9]  P. R. Meudell,et al.  Regency and Frequency Judgements in Alcoholic Amnesics and Normal People with Poor Memory , 1985, Cortex.

[10]  E. Tulving.  How many memory systems are there , 1985 .

[11]  A. Pickering,et al.  Is Organic Amnesia Caused by a Selective Deficit in Remembering Contextual Information? , 1985, Cortex.

[12]  L. Squire,et al.  Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[13]  L. Squire,et al.  Human amnesia and animal models of amnesia: performance of amnesic patients on tests designed for the monkey. , 1988, Behavioral neuroscience.

[14]  R. Ratcliff,et al.  Time course of item and associative information: implications for global memory models. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[15]  M. Witter,et al.  Functional organization of the extrinsic and intrinsic circuitry of the parahippocampal region , 1989, Progress in Neurobiology.

[16]  P. R. Meudell,et al.  Why are Amnesic Judgements of Recency and Frequency Made in a Qualitatively Different Way from those of Normal People? , 1989, Cortex.

[17]  D. Amaral,et al.  Lesions of perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex that spare the amygdala and hippocampal formation produce severe memory impairment , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[18]  L. Jacoby.  A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory , 1991 .

[19]  H. Eichenbaum,et al.  Neuronal activity in the hippocampus during delayed non‐match to sample performance in rats: Evidence for hippocampal processing in recognition memory , 1992, Hippocampus.

[20]  L. Squire.  Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory: Multiple Brain Systems Supporting Learning and Memory , 1992, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[21]  Jonathan R. Treadwell,et al.  Status of recognition memory in amnesia. , 1993 .

[22]  R. Hampson,et al.  Hippocampal cell firing correlates of delayed-match-to-sample performance in the rat. , 1993, Behavioral neuroscience.

[23]  E. Rolls,et al.  Modification of the responses of hippocampal neurons in the monkey during the learning of a conditional spatial response task , 1993, Hippocampus.

[24]  H Eichenbaum,et al.  Critical role of the parahippocampal region for paired-associate learning in rats. , 1993, Behavioral neuroscience.

[25]  Michael E. Smith.  Neurophysiological Manifestations of Recollective Experience during Recognition Memory Judgments , 1993, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[26]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Effects on visual recognition of combined and separate ablations of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex in rhesus monkeys , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[27]  M Mishkin,et al.  Neural substrates of visual stimulus-stimulus association in rhesus monkeys , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[28]  J. Rawlins,et al.  The effects of hippocampectomy on performance by rats of a running recognition task using long lists of non-spatial items , 1993, Behavioural Brain Research.

[29]  R. Hampson,et al.  Hippocampal cell firing correlates of delayed-match-to-sample performance in the rat. , 1993, Behavioral neuroscience.

[30]  R Ratcliff,et al.  Empirical generality of data from recognition memory receiver-operating characteristic functions and implications for the global memory models. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[31]  Tim Curran,et al.  Retrieval dynamics of recognition and frequency judgments: Evidence for separate processes of familiarity and recall. , 1994 .

[32]  L. Jacoby,et al.  Dissociations of processes in recognition memory: effects of interference and of response speed. , 1994, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[33]  A. Yonelinas.  Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: evidence for a dual-process model. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[34]  H. Eichenbaum,et al.  Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system , 1994, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[35]  L R Squire,et al.  Remembering and knowing: two different expressions of declarative memory. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[36]  R. Kesner,et al.  Item and Order Recognition Memory in Subjects with Hypoxic Brain Injury , 1995, Brain and Cognition.

[37]  H. Cassaday,et al.  Fornix-fimbria section and working memory deficits in rats: stimulus complexity and stimulus size. , 1995, Behavioral neuroscience.

[38]  L. Jacoby,et al.  The Relation between Remembering and Knowing as Bases for Recognition: Effects of Size Congruency , 1995 .

[39]  R. Desimone,et al.  Multiple memory systems in the visual cortex. , 1995 .

[40]  J. Aggleton,et al.  Neurotoxic lesions of the perirhinal cortex do not mimic the behavioural effects of fornix transection in the rat , 1996, Behavioural Brain Research.

[41]  Jane S. Paulsen.  Memory in the Cerebral Cortex: An Empirical Approach to Neural Networks in the Human and Nonhuman Primate , 1996 .

[42]  D. Schacter,et al.  The Neuropsychology of Memory Illusions: False Recall and Recognition in Amnesic Patients , 1996 .

[43]  E. Bizzi,et al.  The Cognitive Neurosciences , 1996 .

[44]  D. Amaral,et al.  Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Formation , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[45]  A. Yonelinas,et al.  Signal-Detection, Threshold, and Dual-Process Models of Recognition Memory: ROCs and Conscious Recollection , 1996, Consciousness and Cognition.

[46]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semantic memory. , 1997, Science.

[47]  E. Tulving,et al.  Event-related brain potential correlates of two states of conscious awareness in memory. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[48]  T. Blaxton,et al.  The Role of the Temporal Lobes in Recognizing Visuospatial Materials: Remembering versus Knowing , 1997, Brain and Cognition.

[49]  M. B. Edwards,et al.  Comparison of the retrieval of item versus spatial position information. , 1997, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[50]  M. B. Edwards,et al.  Comparison of the retrieval of item versus spatial position information , 1997 .

[51]  David A. Caulton,et al.  Recognition Memory and Modality Judgments: A Comparison of Retrieval Dynamics , 1997 .

[52]  J. Desmond,et al.  Making memories: brain activity that predicts how well visual experience will be remembered. , 1998, Science.

[53]  J. Aggleton,et al.  Recognition memory in rats—II. Neuroanatomical substrates , 1998, Progress in Neurobiology.

[54]  M. W. Brown,et al.  Recognition memory: neuronal substrates of the judgement of prior occurrence , 1998, Progress in Neurobiology.

[55]  L. Squire,et al.  Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia , 1998, Hippocampus.

[56]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Object Recognition and Location Memory in Monkeys with Excitotoxic Lesions of the Amygdala and Hippocampus , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[57]  R T Knight,et al.  Recollection and familiarity deficits in amnesia: convergence of remember-know, process dissociation, and receiver operating characteristic data. , 1998, Neuropsychology.

[58]  David Wood,et al.  Luddites must not block progress in genetics , 1999, Nature.

[59]  Malcolm W. Brown,et al.  Different Contributions of the Hippocampus and Perirhinal Cortex to Recognition Memory , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[60]  M. Glanzer,et al.  Slope of the receiver-operating characteristic in recognition memory. , 1999 .

[61]  M. W. Brown,et al.  Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal–anterior thalamic axis , 1999, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[62]  T. Shallice,et al.  Recollection and Familiarity in Recognition Memory: An Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[63]  L L Jacoby,et al.  Isolating the contributions of familiarity and source information to item recognition: a time course analysis. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[64]  A P Yonelinas,et al.  Recognition memory for faces: When familiarity supports associative recognition judgments , 1999, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[65]  H. Eichenbaum,et al.  The global record of memory in hippocampal neuronal activity , 1999, Nature.

[66]  A P Yonelinas,et al.  The contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition and source-memory judgments: a formal dual-process model and an analysis of receiver operating characteristics. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[67]  R. Clark,et al.  Impaired Recognition Memory in Monkeys after Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Region , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[68]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Developmental amnesia associated with early hypoxic-ischaemic injury. , 2000, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[69]  H. Eichenbaum,et al.  Neurotoxic Hippocampal Lesions Have No Effect on Odor Span and Little Effect on Odor Recognition Memory But Produce Significant Impairments on Spatial Span, Recognition, and Alternation , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[70]  H. Eichenbaum,et al.  The Neurophysiology of Memory , 2000, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[71]  John J. B. Allen,et al.  Memory Deficits Characterized by Patterns of Lesions to the Hippocampus and Parahippocampal Cortex , 2000, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[72]  H. Eichenbaum,et al.  Hippocampal Neurons Encode Information about Different Types of Memory Episodes Occurring in the Same Location , 2000, Neuron.

[73]  C. Koch,et al.  Category-specific visual responses of single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[74]  D Friedman,et al.  Event‐related potential (ERP) studies of memory encoding and retrieval: A selective review , 2000, Microscopy research and technique.

[75]  R. Burwell.  The Parahippocampal Region: Corticocortical Connectivity , 2000, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[76]  Robert E. Clark,et al.  Impaired Recognition Memory in Rats after Damage to the Hippocampus , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[77]  A P Shimamura,et al.  An analysis of signal detection and threshold models of source memory. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[78]  Caren M. Rotello,et al.  Recall-to-Reject in Recognition: Evidence from ROC Curves ☆ ☆☆ , 2000 .

[79]  J. T. Erichsen,et al.  Fos Imaging Reveals Differential Patterns of Hippocampal and Parahippocampal Subfield Activation in Rats in Response to Different Spatial Memory Tests , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[80]  S. Klein,et al.  An analysis of signal detection and threshold models of source memory. , 2000 .

[81]  B. Knowlton,et al.  Remembering episodes: a selective role for the hippocampus during retrieval , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[82]  Y. Miyashita,et al.  Backward spreading of memory-retrieval signal in the primate temporal cortex. , 2001, Science.

[83]  R. Clark,et al.  Rats with lesions of the hippocampus are impaired on the delayed nonmatching‐to‐sample task † , 2001, Hippocampus.

[84]  J T Wixted,et al.  On the nature of associative information in recognition memory. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[85]  D. Mumby,et al.  Perspectives on object-recognition memory following hippocampal damage: lessons from studies in rats , 2001, Behavioural Brain Research.

[86]  Malcolm W. Brown,et al.  Recognition memory: What are the roles of the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus? , 2001, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[87]  A. Yonelinas.  Components of episodic memory: the contribution of recollection and familiarity. , 2001, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[88]  Electrophysiological studies of retrieval processing , 2002 .

[89]  Pierre Maquet,et al.  Brain activity underlying encoding and retrieval of source memory. , 2002, Cerebral cortex.

[90]  Murray Glanzer,et al.  Regularities of source recognition: ROC analysis. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[91]  N. Hunkin,et al.  Relative sparing of item recognition memory in a patient with adult‐onset damage limited to the hippocampus , 2002, Hippocampus.

[92]  David A. Moscovitch,et al.  Material-specific deficits in “remembering” in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy and excisions , 2002, Neuropsychologia.

[93]  A. Yonelinas.  The Nature of Recollection and Familiarity: A Review of 30 Years of Research , 2002 .

[94]  D. Mumby,et al.  Hippocampal damage and exploratory preferences in rats: memory for objects, places, and contexts. , 2002, Learning & memory.

[95]  L. Davachi,et al.  Hippocampal contributions to episodic encoding: insights from relational and item-based learning. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[96]  L. Frank,et al.  Single Neurons in the Monkey Hippocampus and Learning of New Associations , 2003, Science.

[97]  Arne D. Ekstrom,et al.  Cellular networks underlying human spatial navigation , 2003, Nature.

[98]  R. Burwell,et al.  Positional firing properties of postrhinal cortex neurons , 2003, Neuroscience.

[99]  Joseph R. Manns,et al.  Recognition Memory and the Human Hippocampus , 2003, Neuron.

[100]  M. Mishkin,et al.  One-Trial Memory for Object-Place Associations after Separate Lesions of Hippocampus and Posterior Parahippocampal Region in the Monkey , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[101]  M. Bar,et al.  Cortical Analysis of Visual Context , 2003, Neuron.

[102]  Larry R Squire,et al.  Hippocampal damage equally impairs memory for single items and memory for conjunctions , 2003, Hippocampus.

[103]  N. Roberts,et al.  Long-Term Amnesia: A Review and Detailed Illustrative Case Study , 2003, Cortex.

[104]  C. Stark,et al.  Making Memories without Trying: Medial Temporal Lobe Activity Associated with Incidental Memory Formation during Recognition , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[105]  Mieke Verfaellie,et al.  Disproportionate deficit in associative recognition relative to item recognition in global amnesia , 2003, Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience.

[106]  R. Henson,et al.  A familiarity signal in human anterior medial temporal cortex? , 2003, Hippocampus.

[107]  M. Rugg,et al.  Human recognition memory: a cognitive neuroscience perspective , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[108]  Jason P. Mitchell,et al.  Multiple routes to memory: Distinct medial temporal lobe processes build item and source memories , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[109]  H. T. Blair,et al.  Hippocampal Place Cells Acquire Location-Specific Responses to the Conditioned Stimulus during Auditory Fear Conditioning , 2003, Neuron.

[110]  Larry R Squire,et al.  Spatial memory, recognition memory, and the hippocampus. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[111]  Carlo Caltagirone,et al.  Recognition memory for single items and for associations in amnesic patients , 2004, Neuropsychologia.

[112]  Daniel L Schacter,et al.  Encoding activity in anterior medial temporal lobe supports subsequent associative recognition , 2004, NeuroImage.

[113]  D. Schnyer,et al.  A critical role for the anterior hippocampus in relational memory: Evidence from an fMRI study comparing associative and item recognition , 2004, Hippocampus.

[114]  Guillén Fernández,et al.  Process dissociation between contextual retrieval and item recognition , 2004, Neuroreport.

[115]  R M Douglas,et al.  Visual memory task for rats reveals an essential role for hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[116]  Sabrina M. Tom,et al.  Dissociable correlates of recollection and familiarity within the medial temporal lobes , 2004, Neuropsychologia.

[117]  M. Fyhn,et al.  Spatial Representation in the Entorhinal Cortex , 2004, Science.

[118]  J. Bachevalier,et al.  The Hippocampal/Parahippocampal Regions and Recognition Memory: Insights from Visual Paired Comparison versus Object-Delayed Nonmatching in Monkeys , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[119]  C. Elger,et al.  Neural Correlates of Successful Declarative Memory Formation and Retrieval: The Anatomical Overlap , 2004, Cortex.

[120]  Maija Pihlajamäki,et al.  Visual presentation of novel objects and new spatial arrangements of objects differentially activates the medial temporal lobe subareas in humans , 2004, The European journal of neuroscience.

[121]  Nikos K Logothetis,et al.  Interpreting the BOLD signal. , 2004, Annual review of physiology.

[122]  T. Curran.  Effects of attention and confidence on the hypothesized ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity , 2004, Neuropsychologia.

[123]  Mark E Wheeler,et al.  Functional-anatomic correlates of remembering and knowing , 2004, NeuroImage.

[124]  Tali Sharot,et al.  How emotion enhances the feeling of remembering , 2004, Nature Neuroscience.

[125]  S. Corkin,et al.  Two routes to emotional memory: distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[126]  M. Kishiyama,et al.  The von Restorff Effect in Amnesia: The Contribution of the Hippocampal System to Novelty-Related Memory Enhancements , 2004, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[127]  C. Stark,et al.  Medial temporal lobe activation during encoding and retrieval of novel face-name pairs , 2004, Hippocampus.

[128]  Rosemary A. Cowell,et al.  Double Dissociation between the Effects of Peri-Postrhinal Cortex and Hippocampal Lesions on Tests of Object Recognition and Spatial Memory: Heterogeneity of Function within the Temporal Lobe , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[129]  L. Davachi,et al.  Behavioral/systems/cognitive Functional–neuroanatomic Correlates of Recollection: Implications for Models of Recognition Memory , 2022 .

[130]  H. Eichenbaum.  Hippocampus Cognitive Processes and Neural Representations that Underlie Declarative Memory , 2004, Neuron.

[131]  Murray Glanzer,et al.  Six regularities of source recognition. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[132]  D. Amaral,et al.  Entorhinal Cortex Lesions Disrupt the Relational Organization of Memory in Monkeys , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[133]  H. Eichenbaum,et al.  Recollection-like memory retrieval in rats is dependent on the hippocampus , 2004, Nature.

[134]  Morris Moscovitch,et al.  Recollective qualities modulate hippocampal activation during autobiographical memory retrieval , 2004, Hippocampus.

[135]  R. Stackman,et al.  On the delay-dependent involvement of the hippocampus in object recognition memory , 2004, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[136]  M. Eacott,et al.  Behavioral / Systems / Cognitive Integrated Memory for Object , Place , and Context in Rats : A Possible Model of Episodic-Like Memory ? , 2004 .

[137]  A N Healey,et al.  Objects and positions in visual scenes: effects of perirhinal and postrhinal cortex lesions in the rat. , 2004, Behavioral Neuroscience.

[138]  R T Knight,et al.  Mild hypoxia disrupts recollection, not familiarity , 2004, Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience.

[139]  Ken A Paller,et al.  The neural basis of the butcher-on-the-bus phenomenon: when a face seems familiar but is not remembered , 2004, NeuroImage.

[140]  Michael D. Rugg,et al.  Content-specificity of the neural correlates of recollection , 2005, Neuropsychologia.

[141]  Michael R. Healy,et al.  Dual-process models of associative recognition in young and older adults: evidence from receiver operating characteristics. , 2005, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[142]  R. Cabeza,et al.  Remembering one year later: role of the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system in retrieving emotional memories. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[143]  R. Henson.  A Mini-Review of fMRI Studies of Human Medial Temporal Lobe Activity Associated with Recognition Memory , 2005, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[144]  J. Knierim,et al.  Major Dissociation Between Medial and Lateral Entorhinal Input to Dorsal Hippocampus , 2005, Science.

[145]  Michael D Rugg,et al.  Encoding and the Durability of Episodic Memory: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[146]  K. Norman,et al.  Memory Strength and Repetition Suppression: Multimodal Imaging of Medial Temporal Cortical Contributions to Recognition , 2005, Neuron.

[147]  H. Heinze,et al.  Recapitulating emotional context: activity of amygdala, hippocampus and fusiform cortex during recollection and familiarity , 2005, The European journal of neuroscience.

[148]  N. Roberts,et al.  Item recognition is less impaired than recall and associative recognition in a patient with selective hippocampal damage , 2005, Hippocampus.

[149]  Jocelyne Bachevalier,et al.  Comparison of the Effects of Damage to the Perirhinal and Parahippocampal Cortex on Transverse Patterning and Location Memory in Rhesus Macaques , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[150]  Craig J. Brozinsky,et al.  Lag‐sensitive repetition suppression effects in the anterior parahippocampal gyrus , 2005, Hippocampus.

[151]  Roberto Cabeza,et al.  Neural Correlates of Relational Memory: Successful Encoding and Retrieval of Semantic and Perceptual Associations , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[152]  T. Bussey,et al.  Transient Inactivation of Perirhinal Cortex Disrupts Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation of Object Recognition Memory , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[153]  Andrew P. Yonelinas,et al.  Sparing of the familiarity component of recognition memory in a patient with hippocampal pathology , 2005, Neuropsychologia.

[154]  Eric C. Nolan,et al.  Bilateral Thalamic Lesions Affect Recollection-and Familiarity-Based Recognition Memory Judgments , 2005, Cortex.

[155]  B. Knowlton,et al.  A Dissociation of Encoding and Retrieval Processes in the Human Hippocampus , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[156]  Charan Ranganath,et al.  Effects of Unilateral Prefrontal Lesions on Familiarity, Recollection, and Source Memory , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[157]  M. Rugg,et al.  Separating the Brain Regions Involved in Recollection and Familiarity in Recognition Memory , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[158]  M. Eacott,et al.  Dissociable effects of lesions to the perirhinal cortex and the postrhinal cortex on memory for context and objects in rats. , 2005, Behavioral neuroscience.

[159]  Ramona O Hopkins,et al.  Item memory, source memory, and the medial temporal lobe: concordant findings from fMRI and memory-impaired patients. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[160]  K. Grill-Spector,et al.  Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus-specific effects , 2006, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[161]  Ueli Rutishauser,et al.  Single-Trial Learning of Novel Stimuli by Individual Neurons of the Human Hippocampus-Amygdala Complex , 2006, Neuron.

[162]  Lynne M. Reder,et al.  Models of recognition: A review of arguments in favor of a dual-process account , 2006, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[163]  R. Cabeza,et al.  Triple dissociation in the medial temporal lobes: recollection, familiarity, and novelty. , 2006, Journal of neurophysiology.

[164]  Tim Shallice,et al.  Recollection and familiarity in dense hippocampal amnesia: A case study , 2006, Neuropsychologia.

[165]  Hiroki R. Hayama,et al.  Electrophysiological dissociation of the neural correlates of recollection and familiarity , 2006, Brain Research.

[166]  Robert T. Knight,et al.  Intact Recollection Memory in High-performing Older Adults: ERP and Behavioral Evidence , 2006, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[167]  D. Montaldi,et al.  The neural system that mediates familiarity memory , 2006, Hippocampus.

[168]  Melina R. Uncapher,et al.  Episodic Encoding Is More than the Sum of Its Parts: An fMRI Investigation of Multifeatural Contextual Encoding , 2006, Neuron.

[169]  Daniel L Schacter,et al.  Amygdala Activity Is Associated with the Successful Encoding of Item, But Not Source, Information for Positive and Negative Stimuli , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[170]  Peter E. Wais,et al.  The Hippocampus Supports both the Recollection and the Familiarity Components of Recognition Memory , 2006, Neuron.