Optical Sensors are used in numerous research, and commercial applications today. These sensors are used for quality and process control, medico technologies, metrology, imaging, and remote sensing to mention a few examples. Today there are many types of optical sensors; many based on the use of lasers, imaging systems, and/or fibers. In this article, development of devices to implement the various sensor types and their configuration into sensing elements are presented. Some of the enabling technologies discussed include advances in short pulsed high power lasers, imaging methods, micro and nano-structured optical sensing systems, and THz sensing. This article addresses various sensor types, and include all aspects of optical sensors from the components employed, their configuration through detection schemes and algorithms, and application of sensors.
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