Application of PEA technique to space charge measurement in cylindrical geometry HV cable systems

Space charge, as one of the major concerns for the reliability of polymeric High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) cables, has drawn wide attention in both academia and industry. Accordingly, measurement techniques along with accurate data interpretation have been required to study space charge behaviour in insulation materials and to provide solid bases for simulation activities. In this work, a high temperature space charge measurement system for mini-cables has been developed based on the Pulsed Electro-Acoustic (PEA) method. In parallel, simulation tools for space charge accumulation, based on non-linear unipolar charge transport models, the acoustic signal formation, transmission of acoustic waves, and their detection, have been developed for PEA measurement on mini-cables to provide an alternative way for interpreting the raw experimental data rather than the traditional approaches of reconstructing space charge information by signal processing and calibration. The simulation uses 2-D simulation tools and includes the clamping unit of the PEA cell to provide, for the first time, a detailed comparison of the two commonly used shapes, flat and curved, of the base electrode. Benefiting from the ability of applying isothermal experimental conditions of 20 – 70 °C, the transient of ‘intrinsic’ space charge accumulation due to the field and temperature dependent conductivity has been studied by means of a novel experimental data analysis method proposed in this work. In addition, the analysis provides a way to assess conductivity models by matching the simulation results with the experimental space charge results. By applying the simulation tools, the effect of the possible cable defects of non-concentricity and a mismatch between the insulation and semicon layers could be assessed. Furthermore, the origin of the bulk space charge signal experimentally observed in a mini-cable was found to be consistent with a radius dependent conductivity which may be a consequence of incomplete degassing.

[1]  Gian Carlo Montanari,et al.  Models of bipolar charge transport in polyethylene , 2006 .

[2]  Melba Phillips,et al.  Classical Electricity and Magnetism , 1955 .

[3]  W.M. Leach,et al.  Controlled-source analogous circuits and SPICE models for piezoelectric transducers , 1994, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[4]  R. Arrighi,et al.  From Impregnated Paper to Polymeric Insulating Materials in Power Cables , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation.

[5]  T. Ditchi,et al.  Non-destructive methods for space charge distribution measurements: what are the differences? , 2003 .

[6]  Stéphane Holé,et al.  Improvement of PEA signal analysis using simulations for complex geometry samples , 2002 .

[7]  P ? ? ? ? ? ? ? % ? ? ? ? , 1991 .

[8]  M. Salah Khalil,et al.  International research and development trends and problems of HVDC cables with polymeric insulation , 1997 .

[9]  Demin Tu,et al.  Space charge in XLPE power cable under dc electrical stress and heat treatment , 1995 .

[10]  G. Teyssedre,et al.  Charge transport modeling in insulating polymers: from molecular to macroscopic scale , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[11]  H. Tattersall.  The ultrasonic pulse-echo technique as applied to adhesion testing , 1973 .

[12]  K. W. Barber,et al.  A general review of polymeric insulation for use in HVDC cables , 2003 .

[13]  S. Swingler,et al.  Electric field in polymeric cable due to space charge accumulation under DC and temperature gradient , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[14]  T. Takada,et al.  Pulsed electro-acoustic method for measurement of space charge distribution in power cables under both DC and AC electric fields , 1993 .

[15]  G. Mazzanti,et al.  A procedure for space charge measurements in full-size HVDC extruded cables , 2011, 2011 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.

[16]  P. Phillips,et al.  Morphology - Electrical Property Relations in Polymers , 1978, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation.

[17]  A. Davies,et al.  Space charge measurements in power cables using a modified PEA system , 2000 .

[18]  P. Murgatroyd,et al.  Theory of space-charge-limited current enhanced by Frenkel effect , 1970 .

[19]  K. Nagashima,et al.  Calibration of accumulated space charge in power cable using PEA measurement , 1998, ICSD'98. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE 6th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics (Cat. No.98CH36132).

[20]  T. Tanaka,et al.  The development of DC+/-500 kV XLPE cable in consideration of the space charge accumulation , 2003, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (Cat. No.03CH37417).

[21]  Y. Li,et al.  Progress in space charge measurement of solid insulating materials in Japan , 1994, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[22]  A. Pedersen,et al.  Charge accumulation in DC cables: a macroscopic approach , 1994, Proceedings of 1994 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation.

[23]  T. Takada,et al.  Measurement of space charge distribution at high temperature using the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method , 1996 .

[24]  Gian Carlo Montanari,et al.  The role of trapped space charges in the electrical aging of insulating materials , 1997 .

[25]  F. H. Buller,et al.  Calculation of Electrical Stresses in DC Cable Insulation , 1967 .

[26]  A. See,et al.  Measurement of space-charge distributions in solid insulators under rapidly varying voltage using the high-voltage, high-speed pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) apparatus , 2001 .

[27]  S.,et al.  Numerical Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problems Involving Maxwell’s Equations in Isotropic Media , 1966 .

[28]  P. Morshuis,et al.  Effect of temperature and humidity on space charge quantities , 2002, Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.

[29]  W. P. Mason.  Electromechanical transducers and wave filters , 1942 .

[30]  A. Davies,et al.  Space charge measurements in cables using the PEA method:-signal data processing considerations , 2001, ICSD'01. Proceedings of the 20001 IEEE 7th International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (Cat. No.01CH37117).

[31]  P. Hedvig.  Electrical properties of polymers , 1977, Digest of Literature on Dielectrics Volume 42 1978.

[32]  Giovanni Mazzanti,et al.  Extruded Cables For High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission , 2013 .

[33]  G. Teyssedre,et al.  A new numerical model applied to bipolar charge transport, trapping and recombination under low and high dc voltages , 2007 .

[34]  G. Chen,et al.  Electric field determination in DC polymeric power cable in the presence of space charge and temperature gradient under dc conditions , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis.

[35]  M. Redwood.  Transient Performance of a Piezoelectric Transducer , 1961 .

[36]  G. Metta,et al.  SPICE model of lossy piezoelectric polymers , 2008, 2008 17th IEEE International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectrics.

[37]  Jacques Lewiner,et al.  Evidence of strong correlation between space-charge buildup and breakdown in cable insulation , 1996 .

[38]  L. Brown,et al.  Ultrasound transducer models for piezoelectric polymer films , 1989, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[39]  J. Emeterio,et al.  Models for Piezoelectric Transducers Used in Broadband Ultrasonic Applications , 2009 .

[40]  Bernard Aladenize,et al.  On the intrinsic space charge in a DC power cable , 1997 .

[41]  C. Laurent,et al.  A deconvolution technique for space charge recovery in lossy and dispersive dielectrics using PEA method , 2010, 2010 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectic Phenomena.

[42]  Ravindra Arora,et al.  High Voltage and Electrical Insulation Engineering , 2011 .

[43]  K. Suh,et al.  Electrical conduction in polyethylene with semiconductive electrodes , 1994 .

[44]  R. Lucklum,et al.  SPICE model for lossy piezoceramic transducers , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[45]  S. Boggs,et al.  A rational consideration of space charge , 2004, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[46]  Aaas News,et al.  Book Reviews , 1893, Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal.

[47]  W. Marsden.  I and J , 2012 .

[48]  A. Many,et al.  Theory of Transient Space-Charge-Limited Currents in Solids in the Presence of Trapping , 1962 .

[49]  R. Hill,et al.  A model for bipolar charge transport in insulators , 1995, Proceedings of 1995 IEEE 5th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics.

[50]  K. Fukunaga,et al.  Industrial applications of space charge measurement in Japan , 1999 .

[51]  P. Lewin,et al.  A comparison between LDPE and HDPE cable insulation properties following lightning impulse ageing , 2010, 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics.

[52]  G. Montanari,et al.  Fast and slow charge packets in polymeric materials under DC stress , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[53]  D. K. Das-Gupta,et al.  Conduction mechanisms and high-field effects in synthetic insulating polymers , 1997 .

[54]  T. Maeno,et al.  High‐sensitivity PEA system with dual‐polarity pulse generator , 2009 .

[55]  Davide Fabiani,et al.  Evaluation of dc insulation performance based on space-charge measurements and accelerated life tests , 2000 .

[56]  T. W. Hickmott.  Formation of Ohmic contacts: A breakdown mechanism in metal-insulator-metal structures , 2006 .

[57]  A. Campus,et al.  The effect of the thermal history on the space charge accumulation in HVDC crosslinked polyethylene cables , 2005, CEIDP '05. 2005 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2005..

[58]  M. Lampert,et al.  Simplified Theory of Space-Charge-Limited Currents in an Insulator with Traps , 1956 .

[59]  T. Okamoto,et al.  Direct observation of time-dependent space charge profiles in XLPE cable under high electric fields , 1994 .

[60]  M Fu,et al.  Space charge measurement in polymer insulated power cables using flat ground electrode PEA , 2003 .

[61]  B. Shklovskii,et al.  Hopping transport in solids , 1991 .

[62]  F. H. Kreuger,et al.  Industrial High DC Voltage: 1. Fields, 2. Breakdowns, 3. Tests , 1995 .

[63]  R. N. Hampton,et al.  Polymer Insulated Power Cable , 2002 .

[64]  A. Vaughan,et al.  The thermomechanical behaviour of crosslinked polyethylene cable insulation material , 2003, 2003 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.

[65]  Donal D. C. Bradley,et al.  Transient and steady-state space-charge-limited currents in polyfluorene copolymer diode structures with ohmic hole injecting contacts , 2000 .

[66]  R. Nath,et al.  Effect of crystallinity on charge storage in polypropylene and polyethylene , 1988, 6th International Symposium on Electrets,(ISE 6) Proceedings..

[67]  Egon F. Peschke,et al.  Cable Systems for High and Extra-High Voltage: Development, Manufacture, Testing, Installation and Operation of Cables and Their Accessories , 1999 .

[68]  G. Teyssedre,et al.  Bipolar charge transport model with trapping and recombination: an analysis of the current versus applied electric field characteristic in steady state conditions , 2008 .

[69]  Gian Montanari,et al.  Bringing an insulation to failure: The role of space charge , 2010, 2010 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectic Phenomena.

[70]  K. Suh,et al.  Effects of constituents of XLPE on the formation of space charge , 1994 .

[72]  H. Kiess,et al.  Electric conduction in amorphous polymers , 1980 .

[73]  A. Greenwood,et al.  Advanced Power Cable Technology Volume II Present and Future , 1983 .

[74]  A. Greenwood,et al.  Advanced power cable technology , 1983 .

[75]  R. Bodega,et al.  Space charge accumulation in polymeric high voltage DC cable systems , 2006 .

[76]  T. Maeno,et al.  Effects of crosslinking byproducts on space charge formation in crosslinked polyethylene , 2005, IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation.

[77]  Y. Tanaka,et al.  Measurement of space charge distribution in XLPE cable using PEA system with flat electrode , 1996, Proceedings of Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - CEIDP '96.

[78]  P.H.F. Morshuis,et al.  Space charge measurements on impregnated paper: a review of the PEA method and a discussion of results , 1997 .

[79]  G. Teyssedre,et al.  Fast charge packet dynamics in XLPE insulated cable models , 2007, 2007 Annual Report - Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.

[80]  Holography Book,et al.  Fourier Acoustics Sound Radiation And Nearfield Acoustical Holography , 2016 .

[81]  Thierry Ditchi,et al.  Influence of divergent electric fields on space-charge distribution measurements by elastic methods , 2000 .

[82]  I. W. McAllister,et al.  Space charge fields in DC cables , 1996, Conference record of IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation.

[83]  Andreas C. Cangellaris,et al.  GT-PML: generalized theory of perfectly matched layers and its application to the reflectionless truncation of finite-difference time-domain grids , 1996, IMS 1996.

[84]  Andreas C. Cangellaris,et al.  GT-PML: generalized theory of perfectly matched layers and its application to the reflectionless truncation of finite-difference time-domain grids , 1996, 1996 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[85]  T. Takada,et al.  Attenuation recovery technique for acoustic wave propagation in PEA method , 2001, Proceedings of 2001 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM 2001). 2001 Asian Conference on Electrical Insulating Diagnosis (ACEID 2001). 33rd Symposium on Electrical and Ele.

[86]  D. Wald,et al.  Evolution of Medium Voltage Cable Technology in Europe , 2008, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[87]  Gilbert Teyssedre,et al.  Description of bipolar charge transport in polyethylene using a fluid model with a constant mobility: model prediction , 2004 .

[88]  Kaori Fukunaga,et al.  Measurement of Charge Distribution in the Insulation of Cables Using Pulsed Electroacoustic Method , 1990 .

[89]  Takashi Maeno,et al.  Space charge and external circuit current measurements in LDPE films during breakdown tests , 2002 .

[90]  M. Abou-Dakka,et al.  Effect of additives on the performance of cross-linked polyethylene subjected to long term single and periodically reversed polarity DC voltage , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[91]  John C. Fothergill,et al.  Electrical degradation and breakdown in polymers , 1992 .