Recent Progress in Electronic Skin

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and can sense pressure, temperature, and other complex environmental stimuli or conditions. The mimicry of human skin's sensory ability via electronics is a topic of innovative research that could find broad applications in robotics, artificial intelligence, and human–machine interfaces, all of which promote the development of electronic skin (e‐skin). To imitate tactile sensing via e‐skins, flexible and stretchable pressure sensor arrays are constructed based on different transduction mechanisms and structural designs. These arrays can map pressure with high resolution and rapid response beyond that of human perception. Multi‐modal force sensing, temperature, and humidity detection, as well as self‐healing abilities are also exploited for multi‐functional e‐skins. Other recent progress in this field includes the integration with high‐density flexible circuits for signal processing, the combination with wireless technology for convenient sensing and energy/data transfer, and the development of self‐powered e‐skins. Future opportunities lie in the fabrication of highly intelligent e‐skins that can sense and respond to variations in the external environment. The rapidly increasing innovations in this area will be important to the scientific community and to the future of human life.

[1]  J. Roll,et al.  Response to pressure and vibration of slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the human foot , 1982, Neuroscience Letters.

[2]  S. Timsit,et al.  Electrical contact resistance: properties of stationary interfaces , 1998, Electrical Contacts - 1998. Proceedings of the Forty-Fourth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.98CB36238).

[3]  R. Sarpeshkar,et al.  Large-scale complementary integrated circuits based on organic transistors , 2000, Nature.

[4]  N. Sottos,et al.  Autonomic healing of polymer composites , 2001, Nature.

[5]  S. Nutt,et al.  A Thermally Re-mendable Cross-Linked Polymeric Material , 2002, Science.

[6]  Z. Suo,et al.  Stretchable gold conductors on elastomeric substrates , 2003 .

[7]  G. Sessler,et al.  Ferroelectrets: Soft Electroactive Foams for Transducers , 2004 .

[8]  Takao Someya,et al.  A large-area, flexible pressure sensor matrix with organic field-effect transistors for artificial skin applications. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[9]  Sigurd Wagner,et al.  Stretchable Interconnects for Elastic Electronic Surfaces , 2005, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[10]  J. Engel,et al.  Polymer micromachined multimodal tactile sensors , 2005 .

[11]  U. Böttger,et al.  Mechanical force sensors using organic thin-film transistors , 2005 .

[12]  T. Someya,et al.  Conformable, flexible, large-area networks of pressure and thermal sensors with organic transistor active matrixes. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[13]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Piezoelectric field effect transistor and nanoforce sensor based on a single ZnO nanowire. , 2006, Nano letters.

[14]  V. Maheshwari,et al.  High-Resolution Thin-Film Device to Sense Texture by Touch , 2006, Science.

[15]  C. Keplinger,et al.  Flexible ferroelectret field-effect transistor for large-area sensor skins and microphones , 2006 .

[16]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays , 2006, Science.

[17]  Xiaoqing Zhang,et al.  Ferroelectrets with improved thermal stability made from fused fluorocarbon layers , 2007 .

[18]  V. Varadan,et al.  Field-Controllable Flexible Strain Sensors Using Pentacene Semiconductors , 2007, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[19]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Biaxially stretchable "wavy" silicon nanomembranes. , 2007, Nano letters.

[20]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Piezoelectric gated diode of a single zno nanowire , 2007 .

[21]  J. Vanfleteren,et al.  Design and Fabrication of Elastic Interconnections for Stretchable Electronic Circuits , 2007, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[22]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Flexible piezotronic strain sensor. , 2008, Nano letters.

[23]  V. Maheshwari,et al.  Tactile devices to sense touch on a par with a human finger. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[24]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Microfibre–nanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging , 2008, Nature.

[25]  S. Bauer,et al.  Flexible large area ferroelectret sensors for location sensitive touchpads , 2008 .

[26]  T. Someya,et al.  A Rubberlike Stretchable Active Matrix Using Elastic Conductors , 2008, Science.

[27]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Stretchable and Foldable Silicon Integrated Circuits , 2008, Science.

[28]  Myounggu Park,et al.  Strain-dependent electrical resistance of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polymer composite films , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[29]  S. Kim,et al.  Diode temperature sensor array for measuring micro-scale surface temperatures with high resolution , 2008 .

[30]  Zhong-Lin Wang.  Towards Self‐Powered Nanosystems: From Nanogenerators to Nanopiezotronics , 2008 .

[31]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Materials and noncoplanar mesh designs for integrated circuits with linear elastic responses to extreme mechanical deformations , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[32]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Nanowire‐Based High‐Performance “Micro Fuel Cells”: One Nanowire, One Fuel Cell , 2008 .

[33]  M. Urban,et al.  Self-Repairing Oxetane-Substituted Chitosan Polyurethane Networks , 2009, Science.

[34]  R. Koeppe,et al.  Light‐ and Touch‐Point Localization using Flexible Large Area Organic Photodiodes and Elastomer Waveguides , 2009 .

[35]  R. Rosenfeld.  Nature , 2009, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[36]  A. Salleo,et al.  Flexible Electronics: Materials and Applications , 2009 .

[37]  S. Bauer,et al.  Flexible active-matrix cells with selectively poled bifunctional polymer-ceramic nanocomposite for pressure and temperature sensing skin , 2009 .

[38]  S. Bauer,et al.  Organic Nonvolatile Memory Transistors for Flexible Sensor Arrays , 2009, Science.

[39]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Ultrathin Silicon Circuits With Strain‐Isolation Layers and Mesh Layouts for High‐Performance Electronics on Fabric, Vinyl, Leather, and Paper , 2009 .

[40]  Sigurd Wagner,et al.  Overview of Flexible Electronics Technology , 2009 .

[41]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Self-powered nanowire devices. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[42]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Materials and Mechanics for Stretchable Electronics , 2010, Science.

[43]  Zhong Lin Wang.  Piezopotential gated nanowire devices: Piezotronics and piezo-phototronics , 2010 .

[44]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors with microstructured rubber dielectric layers. , 2010, Nature materials.

[45]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Generating Electricity from Biofluid with a Nanowire‐Based Biofuel Cell for Self‐Powered Nanodevices , 2010, Advanced materials.

[46]  H. Choi,et al.  Highly conductive, printable and stretchable composite films of carbon nanotubes and silver. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[47]  T. Someya,et al.  Flexible organic transistors and circuits with extreme bending stability. , 2010, Nature materials.

[48]  Zhong‐Lin Wang,et al.  Strain‐Gated Piezotronic Logic Nanodevices , 2010, Advanced materials.

[49]  Andrew G. Gillies,et al.  Nanowire active-matrix circuitry for low-voltage macroscale artificial skin. , 2010, Nature materials.

[50]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  Stretchable Organic Solar Cells , 2011, Advanced materials.

[51]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Wafer-scale high-throughput ordered arrays of Si and coaxial Si/Si(1-x)Ge(x) wires: fabrication, characterization, and photovoltaic application. , 2011, ACS nano.

[52]  Hyung-Kew Lee,et al.  Iop Publishing Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering Real-time Measurement of the Three-axis Contact Force Distribution Using a Flexible Capacitive Polymer Tactile Sensor , 2022 .

[53]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[54]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Stretchable GaAs Photovoltaics with Designs That Enable High Areal Coverage , 2011, Advanced materials.

[55]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Stretchable, elastic materials and devices for solar energy conversion , 2011 .

[56]  K. Hata,et al.  A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[57]  Jing Zhu,et al.  From proton conductive nanowires to nanofuel cells: A powerful candidate for generating electricity for self-powered nanosystems , 2011 .

[58]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Fiber-based hybrid nanogenerators for/as self-powered systems in biological liquid. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[59]  Andrew G. Gillies,et al.  Carbon nanotube active-matrix backplanes for conformal electronics and sensors. , 2011, Nano letters.

[60]  S. Rowan,et al.  Using the dynamic bond to access macroscopically responsive structurally dynamic polymers. , 2011, Nature materials.

[61]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  Transparent, Optical, Pressure‐Sensitive Artificial Skin for Large‐Area Stretchable Electronics , 2012, Advanced materials.

[62]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Vertically aligned CdSe nanowire arrays for energy harvesting and piezotronic devices. , 2012, ACS nano.

[63]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Progress in nanogenerators for portable electronics , 2012 .

[64]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Flexible triboelectric generator , 2012 .

[65]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Piezotronic Effect on the Transport Properties of GaN Nanobelts for Active Flexible Electronics , 2012, Advanced materials.

[66]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Optical Fiber‐Based Core–Shell Coaxially Structured Hybrid Cells for Self‐Powered Nanosystems , 2012, Advanced materials.

[67]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Lead zirconate titanate nanowire textile nanogenerator for wearable energy-harvesting and self-powered devices. , 2012, ACS nano.

[68]  Martha E. Grady,et al.  Autonomic Restoration of Electrical Conductivity , 2012, Advanced materials.

[69]  B. Blaiszik,et al.  A Self‐healing Conductive Ink , 2012, Advanced materials.

[70]  M. Kaltenbrunner,et al.  Ultrathin and lightweight organic solar cells with high flexibility , 2012, Nature Communications.

[71]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Piezo‐Phototronic Effect of CdSe Nanowires , 2012, Advanced materials.

[72]  S. Ko,et al.  Highly Stretchable and Highly Conductive Metal Electrode by Very Long Metal Nanowire Percolation Network , 2012, Advanced materials.

[73]  T. Someya,et al.  Stretchable organic integrated circuits for large-area electronic skin surfaces , 2012 .

[74]  Zhong‐Lin Wang,et al.  Progress in Piezotronics and Piezo‐Phototronics , 2012, Advanced materials.

[75]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Hybrid cells for simultaneously harvesting multi-type energies for self-powered micro/nanosystems , 2012 .

[76]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Enhanced Cu₂S/CdS coaxial nanowire solar cells by piezo-phototronic effect. , 2012, Nano letters.

[77]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  An electrically and mechanically self-healing composite with pressure- and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications. , 2012, Nature nanotechnology.

[78]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned plastic films. , 2012, Nano letters.

[79]  Kinam Kim,et al.  Highly stretchable electric circuits from a composite material of silver nanoparticles and elastomeric fibres. , 2012, Nature nanotechnology.

[80]  R. Malina.  What Is Science? (review) , 2012 .

[81]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Chemical and engineering approaches to enable organic field-effect transistors for electronic skin applications. , 2012, Accounts of chemical research.

[82]  Sung-hoon Ahn,et al.  A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres. , 2012, Nature materials.

[83]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Power-generating shoe insole based on triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered consumer electronics , 2013 .

[84]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Human skin based triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting biomechanical energy and as self-powered active tactile sensor system. , 2013, ACS nano.

[85]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Triboelectric nanogenerator as self-powered active sensors for detecting liquid/gaseous water/ethanol , 2013 .

[86]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Piezotronics and piezo-phototronics – From single nanodevices to array of devices and then to integrated functional system , 2013 .

[87]  H. Shea,et al.  Flexible and stretchable electrodes for dielectric elastomer actuators , 2012, Applied Physics A.

[88]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Largely enhanced efficiency in ZnO nanowire/p-polymer hybridized inorganic/organic ultraviolet light-emitting diode by piezo-phototronic effect. , 2013, Nano letters.

[89]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Enhanced performance of GaN nanobelt-based photodetectors by means of piezotronic effects , 2013, Nano Research.

[90]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  High performance of ZnO nanowire protein sensors enhanced by the piezotronic effect , 2013 .

[91]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Piezotronic effect on the sensitivity and signal level of Schottky contacted proactive micro/nanowire nanosensors. , 2013, ACS nano.

[92]  M. Kaltenbrunner,et al.  An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics , 2013, Nature.

[93]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Effective piezo-phototronic enhancement of solar cell performance by tuning material properties , 2013 .

[94]  Rusen Yang,et al.  Effect of humidity and pressure on the triboelectric nanogenerator , 2013 .

[95]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  25th Anniversary Article: The Evolution of Electronic Skin (E‐Skin): A Brief History, Design Considerations, and Recent Progress , 2013, Advanced materials.

[96]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Ultrathin conformal devices for precise and continuous thermal characterization of human skin. , 2013, Nature materials.

[97]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Triboelectric nanogenerator built inside shoe insole for harvesting walking energy , 2013 .

[98]  N. Kotov,et al.  Stretchable nanoparticle conductors with self-organized conductive pathways , 2013, Nature.

[99]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring , 2013, Nature Communications.

[100]  Stephanie J. Benight,et al.  Stretchable and self-healing polymers and devices for electronic skin , 2013 .

[101]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Enhanced Performance of a ZnO Nanowire‐Based Self‐Powered Glucose Sensor by Piezotronic Effect , 2013 .

[102]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  High performance piezoelectric devices based on aligned arrays of nanofibers of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) , 2013, Nature Communications.

[103]  Zhibin Yu,et al.  Elastomeric polymer light-emitting devices and displays , 2013, Nature Photonics.

[104]  Z. Bao,et al.  Flexible Wireless Temperature Sensors Based on Ni Microparticle‐Filled Binary Polymer Composites , 2013, Advanced materials.

[105]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Linear-grating triboelectric generator based on sliding electrification. , 2013, Nano letters.

[106]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Triboelectric active sensor array for self-powered static and dynamic pressure detection and tactile imaging. , 2013, ACS nano.

[107]  J. Xue,et al.  Ultrasensitive strain sensors made from metal-coated carbon nanofiller/epoxy composites , 2013 .

[108]  Jonathan A. Fan,et al.  Stretchable batteries with self-similar serpentine interconnects and integrated wireless recharging systems , 2013, Nature Communications.

[109]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Toward large-scale energy harvesting by a nanoparticle-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator. , 2013, Nano letters.

[110]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Taxel-Addressable Matrix of Vertical-Nanowire Piezotronic Transistors for Active and Adaptive Tactile Imaging , 2013, Science.

[111]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Single-electrode-based sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered displacement vector sensor system. , 2013, ACS nano.

[112]  Fuzhi Huang,et al.  Fabrication of flexible dye sensitized solar cells on plastic substrates , 2013 .

[113]  Zhibin Yu,et al.  User-interactive electronic skin for instantaneous pressure visualization. , 2013, Nature materials.

[114]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  High-resolution electroluminescent imaging of pressure distribution using a piezoelectric nanowire LED array , 2013, Nature Photonics.

[115]  M. Yun,et al.  Transferred wrinkled Al2O3 for highly stretchable and transparent graphene-carbon nanotube transistors. , 2013, Nature materials.

[116]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Finger typing driven triboelectric nanogenerator and its use for instantaneously lighting up LEDs , 2013 .

[117]  P. H. Lau,et al.  Fully printed, high performance carbon nanotube thin-film transistors on flexible substrates. , 2013, Nano letters.

[118]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  GaN nanobelt-based strain-gated piezotronic logic devices and computation. , 2013, ACS nano.

[119]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Nanogenerator based on zinc blende CdTe micro/nanowires , 2013 .

[120]  M. Berggren,et al.  Electrocardiographic Recording with Conformable Organic Electrochemical Transistor Fabricated on Resorbable Bioscaffold , 2014, Advanced materials.

[121]  Sanat S Bhole,et al.  Soft Microfluidic Assemblies of Sensors, Circuits, and Radios for the Skin , 2014, Science.

[122]  G. Zhu,et al.  Membrane‐Based Self‐Powered Triboelectric Sensors for Pressure Change Detection and Its Uses in Security Surveillance and Healthcare Monitoring , 2014 .

[123]  J. Rogers.  Materials for semiconductor devices that can bend, fold, twist, and stretch , 2014 .

[124]  Yang Li,et al.  Flexible silver grid/PEDOT:PSS hybrid electrodes for large area inverted polymer solar cells , 2014 .

[125]  M. Kaltenbrunner,et al.  Mechanically Adaptive Organic Transistors for Implantable Electronics , 2014, Advanced materials.

[126]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Highly Stretchable Transistors Using a Microcracked Organic Semiconductor , 2014, Advanced materials.

[127]  Daniel M. Vogt,et al.  Embedded 3D Printing of Strain Sensors within Highly Stretchable Elastomers , 2014, Advanced materials.

[128]  Sung Youb Kim,et al.  Tactile-direction-sensitive and stretchable electronic skins based on human-skin-inspired interlocked microstructures. , 2014, ACS nano.

[129]  Jung Woo Lee,et al.  Multifunctional Skin‐Like Electronics for Quantitative, Clinical Monitoring of Cutaneous Wound Healing , 2014, Advanced healthcare materials.

[130]  Deji Akinwande,et al.  Two-dimensional flexible nanoelectronics , 2014, Nature Communications.

[131]  T. Trung,et al.  A Flexible Bimodal Sensor Array for Simultaneous Sensing of Pressure and Temperature , 2014, Advanced materials.

[132]  Chanseok Lee,et al.  Ultrasensitive mechanical crack-based sensor inspired by the spider sensory system , 2014, Nature.

[133]  Pingqi Gao,et al.  Encapsulate-and-peel: fabricating carbon nanotube CMOS integrated circuits in a flexible ultra-thin plastic film. , 2014, Nanotechnology.

[134]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Skin-inspired electronic devices , 2014 .

[135]  C. Keplinger,et al.  25th Anniversary Article: A Soft Future: From Robots and Sensor Skin to Energy Harvesters , 2013, Advanced materials.

[136]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Flexible quantum dot-sensitized solar cells employing CoS nanorod arrays/graphite paper as effective counter electrodes , 2014 .

[137]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  High temperature processed ZnO nanorods using flexible and transparent mica substrates for dye-sensitized solar cells and piezoelectric nanogenerators , 2014 .

[138]  Minwoo Park,et al.  Design of conductive composite elastomers for stretchable electronics , 2014 .

[139]  Pooi See Lee,et al.  Highly Stretchable Piezoresistive Graphene–Nanocellulose Nanopaper for Strain Sensors , 2014, Advanced materials.

[140]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Features of the piezo-phototronic effect on optoelectronic devices based on wurtzite semiconductor nanowires. , 2014, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[141]  Zhibin Zhang,et al.  Flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator made of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) thin film , 2014 .

[142]  T. Someya,et al.  A strain-absorbing design for tissue–machine interfaces using a tunable adhesive gel , 2014, Nature Communications.

[143]  I. Park,et al.  A stretchable strain sensor based on a metal nanoparticle thin film for human motion detection. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[144]  James P. Wissman,et al.  Rapid Prototyping for Soft‐Matter Electronics , 2014 .

[145]  S. Nam,et al.  Highly Sensitive Non‐Classical Strain Gauge Using Organic Heptazole Thin‐Film Transistor Circuit on a Flexible Substrate , 2014 .

[146]  Woosik Lee,et al.  Fractal design concepts for stretchable electronics , 2014, Nature Communications.

[147]  Long Lin,et al.  A Three Dimensional Multi‐Layered Sliding Triboelectric Nanogenerator , 2014 .

[148]  M. Vosgueritchian,et al.  Stretchable Energy‐Harvesting Tactile Electronic Skin Capable of Differentiating Multiple Mechanical Stimuli Modes , 2014, Advanced materials.

[149]  R. Dauskardt,et al.  An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film , 2014, Nature Communications.

[150]  U. Chung,et al.  Highly Stretchable Resistive Pressure Sensors Using a Conductive Elastomeric Composite on a Micropyramid Array , 2014, Advanced materials.

[151]  J. Rogers,et al.  Silk-based resorbable electronic devices for remotely controlled therapy and in vivo infection abatement , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[152]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Optimizing performance of silicon-based p-n junction photodetectors by the piezo-phototronic effect. , 2014, ACS nano.

[153]  M. Islam,et al.  3D‐Transistor Array Based on Horizontally Suspended Silicon Nano‐bridges Grown via a Bottom‐Up Technique , 2014, Advanced materials.

[154]  Cangran Guo,et al.  Rapidly patterning conductive components on skin substrates as physiological testing devices via liquid metal spraying and pre-designed mask. , 2014, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[155]  Sunwoo Woo,et al.  A thin all-elastomeric capacitive pressure sensor array based on micro-contact printed elastic conductors , 2014 .

[156]  T. Arie,et al.  Wearable, Human‐Interactive, Health‐Monitoring, Wireless Devices Fabricated by Macroscale Printing Techniques , 2014 .

[157]  Jonathan A. Fan,et al.  Materials and Designs for Wireless Epidermal Sensors of Hydration and Strain , 2014 .

[158]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Triboelectrification based motion sensor for human-machine interfacing. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[159]  B. Shirinzadeh,et al.  A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires , 2014, Nature Communications.

[160]  Ji Hoon Kim,et al.  Reverse‐Micelle‐Induced Porous Pressure‐Sensitive Rubber for Wearable Human–Machine Interfaces , 2014, Advanced materials.

[161]  Chang Kyu Jeong,et al.  Highly‐Efficient, Flexible Piezoelectric PZT Thin Film Nanogenerator on Plastic Substrates , 2014, Advanced materials.

[162]  Xiaodong Xu,et al.  Systematic Doping Control of CVD Graphene Transistors with Functionalized Aromatic Self‐Assembled Monolayers , 2014 .

[163]  Ruo-Zhou Li,et al.  Direct writing on paper of foldable capacitive touch pads with silver nanowire inks. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[164]  Xuewen Wang,et al.  Silk‐Molded Flexible, Ultrasensitive, and Highly Stable Electronic Skin for Monitoring Human Physiological Signals , 2014, Advanced materials.

[165]  Yei Hwan Jung,et al.  Stretchable silicon nanoribbon electronics for skin prosthesis , 2014, Nature Communications.

[166]  Xiao-Qiao Wang,et al.  Robust Mechanochromic Elastic One‐Dimensional Photonic Hydrogels for Touch Sensing and Flexible Displays , 2014 .

[167]  A. Javey,et al.  Highly sensitive electronic whiskers based on patterned carbon nanotube and silver nanoparticle composite films , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[168]  G. Tröster,et al.  Wafer-scale design of lightweight and transparent electronics that wraps around hairs , 2014, Nature Communications.

[169]  Ki-Uk Kyung,et al.  Polymer‐Waveguide‐Based Flexible Tactile Sensor Array for Dynamic Response , 2014, Advanced materials.

[170]  T. Arie,et al.  Fully printed flexible fingerprint-like three-axis tactile and slip force and temperature sensors for artificial skin. , 2014, ACS nano.

[171]  Benjamin C. K. Tee,et al.  Tuning the threshold voltage of carbon nanotube transistors by n-type molecular doping for robust and flexible complementary circuits , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[172]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Solution-derived ZnO homojunction nanowire films on wearable substrates for energy conversion and self-powered gesture recognition. , 2014, Nano letters.

[173]  Tingting Yang,et al.  Wearable and Highly Sensitive Graphene Strain Sensors for Human Motion Monitoring , 2014 .

[174]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Self-powered velocity and trajectory tracking sensor array made of planar triboelectric nanogenerator pixels , 2014 .

[175]  Kuniharu Takei,et al.  Human Interactive Wearable Devices: Applications of Artificial Electronic Skins and Smart Bandages , 2014, HCI.

[176]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Triboelectric Nanogenerators as a Self‐Powered Motion Tracking System , 2014 .

[177]  Xian Huang,et al.  Stretchable, wireless sensors and functional substrates for epidermal characterization of sweat. , 2014, Small.

[178]  H-S Philip Wong,et al.  Continuous wireless pressure monitoring and mapping with ultra-small passive sensors for health monitoring and critical care , 2014, Nature Communications.

[179]  E. S. Nour,et al.  Handwriting enabled harvested piezoelectric power using ZnO nanowires/polymer composite on paper substrate , 2014 .

[180]  Sihong Wang,et al.  Self‐Powered Trajectory, Velocity, and Acceleration Tracking of a Moving Object/Body using a Triboelectric Sensor , 2014 .

[181]  Bin Sun,et al.  Recent advances in flexible and stretchable electronic devices via electrospinning , 2014 .

[182]  Weiqi Wang,et al.  High-performance triboelectric nanogenerator with enhanced energy density based on single-step fluorocarbon plasma treatment , 2014 .

[183]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Piezotronic effect enhanced Schottky-contact ZnO micro/nanowire humidity sensors , 2014, Nano Research.

[184]  Lin Jia,et al.  Epidermal photonic devices for quantitative imaging of temperature and thermal transport characteristics of the skin , 2014, Nature Communications.

[185]  T. Hyeon,et al.  Fabric‐Based Integrated Energy Devices for Wearable Activity Monitors , 2014, Advanced materials.

[186]  John A Rogers,et al.  Patient-specific flexible and stretchable devices for cardiac diagnostics and therapy. , 2014, Progress in biophysics and molecular biology.

[187]  Yonggang Huang,et al.  Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring , 2014, Nature Communications.

[188]  Sung Youb Kim,et al.  Giant tunneling piezoresistance of composite elastomers with interlocked microdome arrays for ultrasensitive and multimodal electronic skins. , 2014, ACS nano.

[189]  Jonathan A. Fan,et al.  Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Serpentine Microstructures Bonded To Prestrained Elastomers for Stretchable Electronics , 2014 .

[190]  Meifang Zhu,et al.  Highly Conductive, Flexible, and Compressible All‐Graphene Passive Electronic Skin for Sensing Human Touch , 2014, Advanced materials.

[191]  Daniel M. Vogt,et al.  Capacitive Soft Strain Sensors via Multicore–Shell Fiber Printing , 2015, Advanced materials.

[192]  Ha Uk Chung,et al.  Assembly of micro/nanomaterials into complex, three-dimensional architectures by compressive buckling , 2015, Science.

[193]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Triboelectric nanogenerators as self-powered active sensors , 2015 .

[194]  Jung Woo Lee,et al.  Epidermal electronics with advanced capabilities in near-field communication. , 2015, Small.

[195]  M. Kaltenbrunner,et al.  An Imperceptible Plastic Electronic Wrap , 2014, Advanced materials.

[196]  Zhaona Wang,et al.  Eardrum‐Inspired Active Sensors for Self‐Powered Cardiovascular System Characterization and Throat‐Attached Anti‐Interference Voice Recognition , 2015, Advanced materials.

[197]  Zhibin Yu,et al.  Large‐Area Compliant Tactile Sensors Using Printed Carbon Nanotube Active‐Matrix Backplanes , 2015, Advanced materials.

[198]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Dynamic Pressure Mapping of Personalized Handwriting by a Flexible Sensor Matrix Based on the Mechanoluminescence Process , 2015, Advanced materials.

[199]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Piezotronic effect enhanced detection of flammable/toxic gases by ZnO micro/nanowire sensors , 2015 .

[200]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Enhanced emission intensity of vertical aligned flexible ZnO nanowire/p-polymer hybridized LED array by piezo-phototronic effect , 2015 .

[201]  J. Rogers.  Electronics for the human body. , 2015, JAMA.

[202]  Ja Hoon Koo,et al.  Highly Skin‐Conformal Microhairy Sensor for Pulse Signal Amplification , 2014, Advanced materials.

[203]  Yaping Zang,et al.  Flexible suspended gate organic thin-film transistors for ultra-sensitive pressure detection , 2015, Nature Communications.

[204]  M. Mativenga,et al.  Fully transparent and rollable electronics. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[205]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Piezo‐phototronic Boolean Logic and Computation Using Photon and Strain Dual‐Gated Nanowire Transistors , 2015, Advanced materials.

[206]  Ja Hoon Koo,et al.  Large‐Area Assembly of Densely Aligned Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Solution Shearing and Their Application to Field‐Effect Transistors , 2015, Advanced materials.

[207]  Yaping Zang,et al.  Advances of flexible pressure sensors toward artificial intelligence and health care applications , 2015 .

[208]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Flexible and Controllable Piezo‐Phototronic Pressure Mapping Sensor Matrix by ZnO NW/p‐Polymer LED Array , 2015 .

[209]  Helge J. Ritter,et al.  Flexible and stretchable fabric-based tactile sensor , 2015, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[210]  Manuchehr Soleimani,et al.  Electrical Impedance Tomography for Artificial Sensitive Robotic Skin: A Review , 2015, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[211]  Ji Hyun Nam,et al.  Enhancement of ambipolar characteristics in single-walled carbon nanotubes using C60 and fabrication of logic gates , 2015 .