Duty-cycle characterisation of large-format automotive lithium ion pouch cells for high performance vehicle applications

Abstract The long-term behaviour of lithium ion batteries in high-performance (HP) electric vehicle (EV) applications is not well understood due to a lack of suitable testing cycles and experimental data. As such a generic HP duty cycle (HP-C), representing driving on a race track is validated, and six NMC graphite cells are characterised with respect to cycle-life. To enable a comparison between the HP-EV environment and conventional road driving, two test groups of cells are subject to an experimental evaluation over 200 duty cycles that includes a representative HP-C and a standard duty cycle from the IEC 62660-1 standard (IECC). After testing, both test groups display increased energy capacity, increased pure Ohmic resistance, lower charge transfer resistance an extended OCV operating window. The changes are more pronounced for cells subject to the HP-C. Based on capacity tests, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), pseudo-OCV tests, and Pulse Multisine Characterisation, it is concluded that the changes in cell characteristics are most likely caused by cracking of the electrode material caused by high electrical current pulses. With continued cycling, cells cycled with the HP-C are expected to show degradation at an increased rate due to raised temperatures, and more pronounced electrode cracking.

[1]  M. Dubarry,et al.  Incremental Capacity Analysis and Close-to-Equilibrium OCV Measurements to Quantify Capacity Fade in Commercial Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 2006 .

[2]  Chaoyang Wang,et al.  Cycling degradation of an automotive LiFePO4 lithium-ion battery , 2011 .

[3]  J. Groot,et al.  On the complex ageing characteristics of high-power LiFePO4/graphite battery cells cycled with high charge and discharge currents , 2015 .

[4]  J. Marco,et al.  Thermal Analysis of Fin Cooling Large Format Automotive Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells , 2017, 2017 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).

[5]  James Marco,et al.  A new approach to the internal thermal management of cylindrical battery cells for automotive applications , 2017 .

[6]  Zhe Li,et al.  A comparative study of commercial lithium ion battery cycle life in electrical vehicle: Aging mechanism identification , 2014 .

[7]  M. Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens,et al.  Temperature dependent ageing mechanisms in Lithium-ion batteries – A Post-Mortem study , 2014 .

[8]  A. J. Smith,et al.  Delta Differential Capacity Analysis , 2012 .

[9]  Dirk Uwe Sauer,et al.  Cycle and calendar life study of a graphite|LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Li-ion high energy system. Part A: Full cell characterization , 2013 .

[10]  M. Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens,et al.  Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries , 2005 .

[11]  Lide M. Rodriguez-Martinez,et al.  Cycle ageing analysis of a LiFePO4/graphite cell with dynamic model validations: Towards realistic lifetime predictions , 2014 .

[12]  Andrew McGordon,et al.  Design and use of multisine signals for Li-ion battery equivalent circuit modelling. Part 2 : model estimation , 2016 .

[13]  Tadeusz P. Dobrowiecki,et al.  Design of broadband excitation signals with a user imposed power spectrum and amplitude distribution , 1998, IMTC/98 Conference Proceedings. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. Where Instrumentation is Going (Cat. No.98CH36222).

[14]  Gorjan Alagic,et al.  #p , 2019, Quantum information & computation.

[15]  K. Jalkanen,et al.  Cycle aging of commercial NMC/graphite pouch cells at different temperatures , 2015 .

[16]  Bernard Bäker,et al.  Current density and state of charge inhomogeneities in Li-ion battery cells with LiFePO4 as cathode material due to temperature gradients , 2011 .

[17]  James Marco,et al.  The effects of high frequency current ripple on electric vehicle battery performance , 2016 .

[18]  Ellen Ivers-Tiffée,et al.  Electrochemical characterization and post-mortem analysis of aged LiMn2O4–NMC/graphite lithium ion batteries part II: Calendar aging , 2014 .

[19]  Da Deng,et al.  Li‐ion batteries: basics, progress, and challenges , 2015 .

[20]  James Marco,et al.  A systematic approach for electrochemical-thermal modelling of a large format lithium-ion battery for electric vehicle application , 2018 .

[21]  A. Pesaran,et al.  Addressing the Impact of Temperature Extremes on Large Format Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle Applications (Presentation) , 2013 .

[22]  Ahmad Pesaran,et al.  Battery thermal models for hybrid vehicle simulations , 2002 .

[23]  L. R. Johnson,et al.  Plug-in electric vehicle market penetration and incentives: a global review , 2015, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change.

[24]  W. D. Widanage,et al.  A Study of Cell-to-Cell Interactions and Degradation in Parallel Strings: Implications for the Battery Management System , 2016 .

[25]  Hubert A. Gasteiger,et al.  Oxygen Release and Its Effect on the Cycling Stability of LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries , 2017 .

[26]  Chaoyang Wang,et al.  Cycle-Life Characterization of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries with LiNiO2 Cathode , 2009 .

[27]  Thomas de Quincey.  [C] , 2000, The Works of Thomas De Quincey, Vol. 1: Writings, 1799–1820.

[28]  Joris de Hoog,et al.  Combined cycling and calendar capacity fade modeling of a Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Oxide Cell with real-life profile validation , 2017 .

[29]  N. Omar,et al.  Assessment of performance of lithium iron phosphate oxide, nickel manganese cobalt oxide and nickel cobalt aluminum oxide based cells for using in plug-in battery electric vehicle applications , 2011, 2011 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[30]  Matthieu Dubarry,et al.  Synthesize battery degradation modes via a diagnostic and prognostic model , 2012 .

[31]  Matthieu Dubarry,et al.  Identify capacity fading mechanism in a commercial LiFePO4 cell , 2009 .

[32]  N. Brandon,et al.  The effect of thermal gradients on the performance of lithium-ion batteries , 2014 .

[33]  W. D. Widanage,et al.  Electrical and Thermal Behavior of Pouch-Format Lithium Ion Battery Cells under High-Performance and Standard Automotive Duty-Cycles , 2017, 2017 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).

[34]  James Marco,et al.  Battery power requirements in high-performance electric vehicles , 2016, 2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC).

[35]  R. Brodd.  Batteries for Sustainability , 2013 .

[36]  Andrew McGordon,et al.  A study of the effects of external pressure on the electrical performance of a lithium-ion pouch cell , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE).

[37]  Andrew McGordon,et al.  A study on the impact of lithium-ion cell relaxation on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , 2015 .

[38]  M. Dubarry,et al.  Cell degradation in commercial LiFePO4 cells with high-power and high-energy designs , 2014 .

[39]  W. D. Widanage,et al.  A Comparison between Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Incremental Capacity-Differential Voltage as Li-ion Diagnostic Techniques to Identify and Quantify the Effects of Degradation Modes within Battery Management Systems , 2017 .

[40]  Robert Kostecki,et al.  Surface structural disordering in graphite upon lithium intercalation/deintercalation , 2010, 1108.0846.

[41]  James Marco,et al.  Multi-axis vibration durability testing of lithium ion 18650 NCA cylindrical cells , 2018 .

[42]  Gregory J. Offer,et al.  Surface Cooling Causes Accelerated Degradation Compared to Tab Cooling for Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells , 2016 .

[43]  H. Gualous,et al.  Model of Lithium Intercalation into Graphite by Potentiometric Analysis with Equilibrium and Entropy Change Curves of Graphite Electrode , 2018 .

[44]  Lingyun Liu,et al.  A review of blended cathode materials for use in Li-ion batteries , 2014 .

[45]  Jake Christensen,et al.  Modeling Diffusion-Induced Stress in Li-Ion Cells with Porous Electrodes , 2010 .

[46]  Maxime Montaru,et al.  Statistical analysis for understanding and predicting battery degradations in real-life electric vehicle use , 2014 .

[47]  James Marco,et al.  Battery cycle life test development for high-performance electric vehicle applications , 2018 .

[48]  M. Safari,et al.  Aging of a Commercial Graphite/LiFePO4 Cell , 2011 .

[49]  James Marco,et al.  Vibration Durability Testing of Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Lithium-Ion 18,650 Battery Cells , 2016 .

[50]  Vojtech Svoboda,et al.  Capacity and power fading mechanism identification from a commercial cell evaluation , 2007 .

[51]  Thomas R. B. Grandjean,et al.  Large format lithium ion pouch cell full thermal characterisation for improved electric vehicle thermal management , 2017 .

[52]  W. D. Widanage,et al.  A study of the influence of measurement timescale on internal resistance characterisation methodologies for lithium-ion cells , 2018, Scientific Reports.