Seasonal variation in sexual behavior of all-male rhesus troops.

Free roaming groups of Rhesus monkeys show a clear annual cycle in the incidence of sexual behavior. One hypothesis explaining the control of this cycle is that seasonal variables act directly on females, altering their endocrine status. Aroused females then communicate their sexual receptivity to male group members. The sexual behavior of 35 male Rhesus was observed during the non-mating and the mating season. All animals were maintained in large outdoor enclosures. One group of males (N = 7) were housed with females and juveniles as part of a breeding group. A second group of males (N = 8) had visual contact with the members of the breeding group, and a third group of males (N = 20) had no contact with either of these groups. During the non-mating season no sexual behavior was observed. At the onset of the mating season, the males with females displayed evidence of hormonal arousal and became sexually active. The males with visual contact with the breeding group also evidenced hormonal arousal and began engaging in male-to-male sexual activity. The males in the third group showed no sign of sexual arousal. These findings support the hypothesis that seasonal influences act only on females; and demonstrate that females can communicate their endocrine status to males, even without direct physical contact.