.................................................................................................................................................1 Abbreviations and Symbols.............................................................................................................................3 Introduction................................................................................................................................................. 5 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................................ 8 I. Materials ......................................................................................................................................8 A. Rainfall Simulator...................................................................................................................8 B. Bins ......................................................................................................................................11 C. Porous Ceramic Cup Samplers ............................................................................................12 II. Methods ......................................................................................................................................15 A. Water Sample Collection and Analysis .................................................................................17 B. Soil Sample Collection and Analysis ....................................................................................19 Lead, Zinc, and Chromium ..................................................................................................19 Total Nitrogen.......................................................................................................................19 Oxidized Nitrogen ................................................................................................................19 Cation Exchange Capacity ....................................................................................................19 Results .....................................................................................................................................................21 I. Runoff Volume ..........................................................................................................................21 II. Runoff Quality ...........................................................................................................................21 III. Percolating Water ........................................................................................................................23 IV. Sampling Cups and Filters ...........................................................................................................23 Discussion...............................................................................................................................................24 I. Runoff Volume ...........................................................................................................................24 II. Runoff Quality ...........................................................................................................................25 III. Percolating Water: Shallow Cups ................................................................................................28 IV. Percolating Water: Deep Cups ....................................................................................................30 V. Underflow ...................................................................................................................................31 VI. Differences with Depth in Soil ..................................................................................................31 VII. Mass Percent Removals ..............................................................................................................32 VIII. Ceramic Cups ...........................................................................................................................32 IX. Filters .......................................................................................................................................33 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................................34 Recommendations....................................................................................................................................36 References..............................................................................................................................................31 Tables ....................................................................................................................................................43
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