Regulating Offshore Wind Power and Aquaculture: Messages From Land and Sea

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 R A. OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE (MARICULTURE) . . . . . . . . . . . 74 R B. OFFSHORE WIND POWER PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 R C. POTENTIAL CONNECTIONS AMONG OFFSHORE WIND POWER, MARINE AQUACULTURE, AND OFFSHORE OIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 R II. PRESENT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: A PATCHWORK IN THE OCEANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 R A. THE FEDERAL REGULATORY REGIME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 R B. STATE REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 R III. ON-LAND WIND DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 R IV. LESSONS FROM U.S. OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 R V. LESSONS LEARNED FROM OTHER COUNTRIES’ MANAGEMENT OF OFFSHORE WIND AND AQUACULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 R A. OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN EUROPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 R B. BEST PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 R C. DIFFERENCES IN THE E.U. AND U.S. WITH RESPECT TO OFFSHORE WIND FARMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 R D. REGULATION OF OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE PROJECTS OVERSEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 R VI. FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE USE, CONSERVATION, AND MANAGEMENT OF FEDERAL OFFSHORE WATERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 R A. LEASING, RIGHT-OF-WAYS, OR OTHER CONVEYANCE OF RIGHTS AND SECURITY OF TENURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 R