Estimation of general corrosion damage to steel reinforced mortar using frequency sweeps of guided mechanical waves

A frequency sweep from 50 to 200 kHz of guided mechanical waves has been conducted to detect and assess general corrosion damage in steel reinforced mortar specimens with seeded defects and in specimens undergoing accelerated corrosion using impressed current. The sweep was conducted by primarily invoking the fundamental longitudinal mode of propagation, ie the L(0,1) mode. The change in waveform energy (indicative of attenuation) at different frequencies is presented and discussed in terms of general corrosion damage. The isolated effects of rebar surrounded by water and mortar are also discussed. Experimental results indicate that general corrosion damage can be detected and evaluated by invoking the fundamental longitudinal mode of propagation. Results are presented and discussed within the framework of a corrosion process degradation model and service life. A review and discussion of the corrosion process and service life analysis of reinforced concrete is also presented.

[1]  Mark G. Stewart,et al.  Structural reliability of concrete bridges including improved chloride-induced corrosion models , 2000 .

[2]  Tribikram Kundu,et al.  Inspection of interfaces between corroded steel bars and concrete using the combination of a piezoelectric zirconate-titanate transducer and an electromagnetic acoustic transducer , 2003 .

[3]  M.J.S. Lowe,et al.  Matrix techniques for modeling ultrasonic waves in multilayered media , 1995, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[4]  F. Chang,et al.  Structural health monitoring from fiber-reinforced composites to steel-reinforced concrete , 2001 .

[5]  Toula Onoufriou,et al.  Performance updating of concrete bridges using proactive health monitoring methods , 2004, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[6]  Tribikram Kundu,et al.  Damage detection in concrete using Lamb waves , 2000, Smart Structures.

[7]  Daniel A. Kuchma,et al.  Ultrasonics and electromagnetics for a wireless corrosion sensing system embedded in structural concrete , 2005 .

[8]  M. S. Elgarf,et al.  Flexural Strength of Concrete Beams with Corroding Reinforcement , 1999 .

[9]  Dimitri V. Val,et al.  Multiple Limit States and Expected Failure Costs for Deteriorating Reinforced Concrete Bridges , 2003 .

[10]  Renato Vitaliani,et al.  Experimental investigation and numerical modeling of carbonation process in reinforced concrete structures Part I: Theoretical formulation , 2004 .

[11]  Victor E. Saouma,et al.  Nonlinear Coupling of Carbonation and Chloride Diffusion in Concrete , 2005 .

[12]  G. Batis,et al.  STEEL REBARS CORROSION INVESTIGATION WITH STRAIN GAGES , 1999 .

[13]  Fan Wu,et al.  Built-in active sensing diagnostic system for civil infrastructure systems , 2001, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[14]  Joseph L. Rose,et al.  A Baseline and Vision of Ultrasonic Guided Wave Inspection Potential , 2002 .

[15]  Anna Saetta,et al.  Deterioration of Reinforced Concrete Structures due to Chemical–Physical Phenomena: Model-Based Simulation , 2005 .

[16]  Peter Cawley,et al.  ULTRASONIC GUIDED WAVES FOR INSPECTION OF GROUTED TENDONS AND BOLTS , 2003 .

[17]  Peter Alfred Payne,et al.  Digital deconvolution analysis of ultrasonic signals influenced by the presence of longitudinally aligned steel cables in pre-stressed concrete , 1992 .

[18]  J. Gulikers.  Theoretical considerations on the supposed linear relationship between concrete resistivity and corrosion rate of steel reinforcement , 2005 .

[19]  P. Schießl,et al.  Macrocell sensor systems for monitoring of the corrosion risk of the reinforcement in concrete structures , 2001 .

[20]  Michael J. Chajes,et al.  Corrosion Detection of Steel Cables using Time Domain Reflectometry , 2002 .

[21]  J. Broomfield.  Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Understanding, investigation and repair , 1996 .

[22]  Alain Sellier,et al.  COUPLED MOISTURE-CARBON DIOXIDE-CALCIUM TRANSFER MODEL FOR CARBONATION OF CONCRETE , 2004 .

[23]  M. Lowe,et al.  A General Purpose Approach to Calculating the Longitudinal and Flexural Modes of Multi-Layered, Embedded, Transversely Isotropic Cylinders , 1999 .

[24]  George Morcous,et al.  Prediction of Onset of Corrosion in Concrete Bridge Decks Using Neural Networks and Case‐Based Reasoning , 2005 .

[25]  Rasheeduzzafar,et al.  EFFECT OF REINFORCEMENT CORROSION ON BOND STRENGTH , 1996 .

[26]  Walter Grahn,et al.  Fiber optic sensors for an in-situ monitoring of moisture and pH value in reinforced concrete , 2002, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[27]  Khaled Soudki,et al.  BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER LAMINATES SUBJECTED TO CORROSION DAMAGE , 2000 .

[28]  J. G. Cabrera,et al.  Deterioration of concrete due to reinforcement steel corrosion , 1996 .

[29]  Bishwajit Bhattacharjee,et al.  Experimental Service Life Prediction of Rebar-Corroded Reinforced Concrete Structure , 1997 .

[30]  Frieder Seible,et al.  STRESS MEASUREMENT AND DEFECT DETECTION IN STEEL STRANDS BY GUIDED STRESS WAVES , 2003 .

[31]  C. Q. Li,et al.  Time-Dependent Reliability Method to Assess the Serviceability of Corrosion-Affected Concrete Structures , 2005 .

[32]  M. Beard,et al.  Guided wave inspection of embedded cylindrical structures , 2002 .

[33]  Youping Liu,et al.  Modeling the Time-to Corrosion Cracking of the Cover Concrete in Chloride Contaminated Reinforced Concrete Structures , 1996 .

[34]  Alberto A. Sagüés,et al.  Modeling the Effects of Corrosion on the Lifetime of Extended Reinforced Concrete Structures , 2003 .

[35]  Y. C. Kim,et al.  Development of corrosion sensors for monitoring steel‐corroding agents in reinforced concrete structures , 2003 .

[36]  Daniel A. Kuchma,et al.  Estimation of Corrosion Damage in Steel Reinforced Mortar Using Guided Waves , 2005 .

[37]  S. Kulendran,et al.  Finite Element Modeling of Corrosion Damage in Concrete Structures , 1992 .

[38]  Robert E. Melchers,et al.  Effect of reinforcement corrosion on reliability of highway bridges , 1998 .

[39]  Peter Cawley,et al.  High-Frequency Low-Loss Ultrasonic Modes in Imbedded Bars , 2001 .

[40]  Dimitri V. Val,et al.  Effect of Different Limit States on Life-Cycle Cost of RC Structures in Corrosive Environment , 2005 .

[41]  A. Emin Aktan,et al.  Role of NDE in bridge health monitoring , 1999, Smart Structures.

[42]  Mark G. Stewart,et al.  Structural Safety and Serviceability of Concrete Bridges Subject to Corrosion , 1998 .

[43]  K. Tuutti.  Corrosion of steel in concrete , 1982 .

[44]  Peter Cawley,et al.  THE INSPECTION OF TENDONS IN POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE USING GUIDED ULTRASONIC WAVES , 1999 .

[45]  Lisa K. Spainhour,et al.  CORROSION OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER WRAPPED CONCRETE CYLINDERS , 2003 .

[46]  J. Rose.  Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media , 1999 .

[47]  Yunping Xi,et al.  Chloride Penetration in Nonsaturated Concrete , 2003 .

[48]  Mark G. Stewart,et al.  Predicting the Likelihood and Extent of Reinforced Concrete Corrosion-Induced Cracking , 2005 .

[49]  P. Cox,et al.  Development of Metallic Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Steel Rebars , 1993 .

[50]  T. Liu,et al.  Modeling the Dynamic Corrosion Process in Chloride Contaminated Concrete Structures , 1998 .

[51]  Michael P. Enright,et al.  Probabilistic analysis of resistance degradation of reinforced concrete bridge beams under corrosion , 1998 .

[52]  Rasheeduzzafar,et al.  EFFECT OF REINFORCEMENT CORROSION ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE SLABS , 1996 .

[53]  K Babaei,et al.  LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS FOR PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE BRIDGES RELATIVE TO REINFORCEMENT CORROSION , 1994 .

[54]  H. Ichikawa,et al.  Experimental Study on Deterioration and Repairing of a Marine Concrete Structure , 1988 .

[55]  Keith A. Bartels,et al.  Nondestructive evaluation of prestressing strands with magnetostrictive sensors , 1998, Smart Structures.

[56]  C. Q. Li,et al.  Life-Cycle Modeling of Corrosion-Affected Concrete Structures: Propagation , 2003 .

[57]  Michael D. A. Thomas,et al.  Accelerated corrosion and repair of reinforced concrete columns using carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets , 2000 .

[58]  S. Mirza,et al.  Corrosion Influence on Bond between Steel and Concrete , 1999 .

[59]  Renato Vitaliani,et al.  The carbonation of concrete and the mechanism of moisture, heat and carbon dioxide flow through porous materials , 1993 .

[60]  P. Schiessl,et al.  Corrosion of steel in concrete : report of the Technical Committee 60-CSC, RILEM (the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures) , 1988 .

[61]  T. Kundu.  Recent Advances of the Use Of Lamb Waves for Material Characterization , 2001 .

[62]  Tribikram Kundu,et al.  A comparison of steel/concrete and glass fiber reinforced polymers/concrete interface testing by guided waves , 2003 .

[63]  C. Brent Bargeron,et al.  Embedded micro-sensor for monitoring pH in concrete structures , 2000, Smart Structures.

[64]  D. Gazis.  Three‐Dimensional Investigation of the Propagation of Waves in Hollow Circular Cylinders. I. Analytical Foundation , 1959 .

[65]  Z Lounis,et al.  Finite Element Analysis of Corrosion-Induced Cracking, Spalling and Delamination of RC Bridge Decks , 2005 .

[66]  T. Kundu,et al.  Ultrasonic guided waves for steel bar concrete interface testing , 2002 .

[67]  Robert Meline,et al.  Smart Pebble: wireless sensors for structural health monitoring of bridge decks , 2003, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[68]  Bryan T. Adey,et al.  Condition Evolution in Bridge Management Systems and Corrosion-Induced Deterioration , 2004 .

[69]  D. Bancroft.  The Velocity of Longitudinal Waves in Cylindrical Bars , 1941 .

[70]  S. Rostam.  Reinforced concrete structures – shall concrete remain the dominating means of corrosion prevention? , 2003 .

[71]  Michael Raupach,et al.  Monitoring system for the penetration of chlorides, carbonation and the corrosion risk for the reinforcement , 1997 .

[72]  G. J. Al-Sulaimani,et al.  Influence of Corrosion and Cracking on Bond Behavior and Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members , 1990 .

[73]  S. Pantazopoulou,et al.  Corrosion Effects on Bond Strength in Reinforced Concrete , 1999 .

[74]  O. Schneider,et al.  Embeddable sensor for corrosion measurement , 1999, Smart Structures.

[75]  Michael Havbro Faber,et al.  Indicators for Inspection and Maintenance Planning of Concrete Structures , 2002 .

[76]  Dan M. Frangopol,et al.  Bridge Deck Replacement for Minimum Expected Cost Under Multiple Reliability Constraints , 2004 .

[77]  Ming-Te Liang,et al.  Reliability analysis for the existing reinforced concrete pile corrosion of bridge substructure , 2005 .

[78]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Corrosion detection in reinforced concrete roadways and bridges via embedded fiber optic sensors , 1998 .

[79]  Z. Bažant,et al.  Modeling Chloride Penetration in Saturated Concrete , 1999 .

[80]  Jeong-Hyo Bae,et al.  Electrochemical studies on the solid embeddable reference sensors for corrosion monitoring in concrete structure , 2006 .

[81]  P. Balaguru,et al.  BOND BEHAVIOR OF CORRODED REINFORCEMENT BARS , 2000 .

[82]  P. Stroeven,et al.  Study of Steel Bar Corrosion by Experimental and Analytical Simulation , 1994 .