Small animal PET

Positron emission tomography (PET) has well-established strengths which are commonly exploited in human clinical research. Not least of these are its dynamic and quantitative capabilities. The recent growth in small animal PET, spurred on by technological developments and an interest in the application of imaging to the field of genomics in mice, has seen impressive improvements in image spatial resolution. The availability of commercial small animal PET scanners has meant a broadening of the user base away from PET development environments and into experimental laboratories. This paper will review these developments and assess the impact on overall data quality.

[1]  Bruce G. Jenkins,et al.  Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  R Myers,et al.  The effects of donor stage on the survival and function of embryonic striatal grafts in the adult rat brain II. Correlation between positron emission tomography and reaching behaviour , 1997, Neuroscience.

[3]  A. Del Guerra,et al.  High spatial resolution small animal YAP-PET , 1998 .

[4]  Roger Lecomte,et al.  Design and engineering aspects of a high resolution positron tomograph for small animal imaging , 1994 .

[5]  T J Spinks,et al.  Three-dimensional performance of a small-diameter positron emission tomograph. , 1997, Physics in medicine and biology.

[6]  D J Brooks,et al.  GDNF protects against 6-OHDA nigrostriatal lesion: in vivo study with microdialysis and PET , 1995, Neuroreport.

[7]  M. Phelps,et al.  PET: the merging of biology and imaging into molecular imaging. , 2000, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[8]  C. A. Burnham,et al.  A Stationary Positron Emission Ring Tomograph Using Bgo Detector and Analog Readout , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[9]  Roger N. Gunn,et al.  Pharmacological constraints associated with positron emission tomographic scanning of small laboratory animals , 1998, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[10]  S R Cherry,et al.  Quantitative Assessment of Longitudinal Metabolic Changes In Vivo after Traumatic Brain Injury in the Adult Rat using FDG-MicroPET , 2000, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[11]  S Weber,et al.  The design of an animal PET: flexible geometry for achieving optimal spatial resolution or high sensitivity , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[12]  Ariela Sofer,et al.  Evaluation of 3D reconstruction algorithms for a small animal PET camera , 1996 .

[13]  W. Galpern,et al.  In vivo PET Imaging in rat of dopamine terminals reveals functional neural transplants , 1998, Annals of neurology.

[14]  S. Hume,et al.  Pindolol occupancy of 5‐HT1A receptors measured in vivo using small animal positron emission tomography with carbon‐11 labeled WAY 100635 , 2000, Synapse.

[15]  S B Dunnett,et al.  Aspects of PET imaging relevant to the assessment of striatal transplantation in Huntington's disease , 2000, Journal of anatomy.

[16]  James F. Young,et al.  MicroPET: a high resolution PET scanner for imaging small animals , 1996, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record.

[17]  John S. Duncan,et al.  Absolute PET Quantification with Correction for Partial Volume Effects within Cerebral Structures , 1998 .

[18]  D A Benaron,et al.  Imaging transgenic animals. , 1999, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[19]  Simon R. Cherry,et al.  Deficits in Striatal Dopamine D2 Receptors and Energy Metabolism Detected by in Vivo MicroPET Imaging in a Rat Model of Huntington's Disease , 2000, Experimental Neurology.

[20]  S. Cherry,et al.  Repetitive, non-invasive imaging of the dopamine D2 receptor as a reporter gene in living animals , 1999, Gene Therapy.

[21]  Yoshihiro Miyake,et al.  Effects of Extracranial Radioactivity on Measurement of Cerebral Glucose Metabolism by Rat-PET with [18F]-2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose , 1997, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[22]  S R Meikle,et al.  The influence of tomograph sensitivity on kinetic parameter estimation in positron emission tomography imaging studies of the rat brain. , 2000, Nuclear medicine and biology.

[23]  S. Larson,et al.  Imaging transgene expression with radionuclide imaging technologies. , 2000, Neoplasia.

[24]  Alan C. Evans,et al.  Pixel- versus Region-Based Partial Volume Correction in PET 1 1Transcripts of the BRAINPET97 discussion of this chapter can be found in Section VIII. , 1998 .

[25]  Adriaan A. Lammertsma,et al.  In vivo saturation kinetics of two dopamine transporter probes measured using a small animal positron emission tomography scanner , 1997, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[26]  Adriaan A. Lammertsma,et al.  The potential of high-resolution positron emission tomography to monitor striatal dopaminergic function in rat models of disease , 1996 .

[27]  Peter Bruyndonckx,et al.  Performance study of a 3D small animal PET scanner based on BaF2 crystals and a photo sensitive wire chamber , 1997 .

[28]  David W. Townsend,et al.  A proportional chamber positron camera for medical imaging , 1980 .

[29]  P Bruyndonckx,et al.  A fully 3D small PET scanner. , 1992, Physics in medicine and biology.

[30]  S. E. Derenzo,et al.  Precision measurement of annihilation point spread distributions for medically important positron emitters , 1979 .

[31]  R Myers,et al.  Radio-imaging in small animals , 1999, Journal of psychopharmacology.

[32]  T J Spinks,et al.  The design and physical characteristics of a small animal positron emission tomograph. , 1995, Physics in medicine and biology.

[33]  R. Myers,et al.  Quantitation of Carbon‐11‐labeled raclopride in rat striatum using positron emission tomography , 1992, Synapse.

[34]  A. P. Jeavons,et al.  A 3D HIDAC-PET camera with sub-millimetre resolution for imaging small animals , 1998 .

[35]  R Myers,et al.  Dedicated small animal scanners: a new tool for drug development? , 2002, Current pharmaceutical design.

[36]  T. Spinks,et al.  Correction for scatter in 3D brain PET using a dual energy window method. , 1996, Physics in medicine and biology.

[37]  J. Ollinger Model-based scatter correction for fully 3D PET. , 1996, Physics in medicine and biology.

[38]  S B Dunnett,et al.  Assessment of striatal graft viability in the rat in vivo using a small diameter PET scanner. , 1995, Neuroreport.

[39]  S R Meikle,et al.  A convolution-subtraction scatter correction method for 3D PET. , 1994, Physics in medicine and biology.

[40]  M E Phelps,et al.  Design features and performance of a PET system for animal research. , 1992, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[41]  Simon R Cherry,et al.  Evaluation of a stereotactic frame for repositioning of the rat brain in serial positron emission tomography imaging studies , 2001, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[42]  Hiroyuki Okada,et al.  A high resolution animal PET scanner using compact PS-PMT detectors , 1996 .

[43]  S. Cherry,et al.  Imaging adenoviral-directed reporter gene expression in living animals with positron emission tomography. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  J. Barrio,et al.  Assays for noninvasive imaging of reporter gene expression. , 1999, Nuclear medicine and biology.

[45]  Simon R. Cherry,et al.  Comparison of 3-D maximum a posteriori and filtered backprojection algorithms for high-resolution animal imaging with microPET , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[46]  S R Cherry,et al.  Detector development for microPET II: a 1 microl resolution PET scanner for small animal imaging. , 2001, Physics in medicine and biology.

[47]  Simon R. Cherry,et al.  Optical fiber readout of scintillator arrays using a multi-channel PMT: a high resolution PET detector for animal imaging , 1995 .

[48]  L. Widén,et al.  Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Rapid Feasibility Studies of Tracers for Positron Emission Tomography: High-resolution Pet in Small Animals with Kinetic Analysis , 2022 .

[49]  T. Yamashita,et al.  A high resolution PET for animal studies , 1991, Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference.

[50]  R. Myers Quantification of brain function using PET , 1996 .

[51]  Y Yonekura,et al.  Noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolic rate in the rat with high-resolution animal positron emission tomography (PET): a novel in vivo approach for assessing drug action in the brains of small animals. , 1995, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[52]  T G Turkington,et al.  Small-animal PET: advent of a new era of PET research. , 1999, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[53]  J. Humm,et al.  Imaging herpes virus thymidine kinase gene transfer and expression by positron emission tomography. , 1998, Cancer research.

[54]  M. Daube-Witherspoon,et al.  Quantitative functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography , 1998 .

[55]  Paul D. Acton,et al.  Feasibility of imaging photodynamic injury to tumours by high-resolution positron emission tomography , 1998, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[56]  Roger Lecomte,et al.  A microvolumetric blood counter/sampler for metabolic PET studies in small animals , 1998 .

[57]  Adriaan A. Lammertsma,et al.  CHAPTER 13 – Development of an On-Line Blood Detector System for PET Studies in Small Animals , 1996 .

[58]  William W. Moses,et al.  Conceptual design of a high-sensitivity small animal PET camera with 4/spl pi/ coverage , 1999 .

[59]  Tsukada Delivery of radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET) in the central nervous system. , 1999, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[60]  R Myers,et al.  The biological application of small animal PET imaging. , 2001, Nuclear medicine and biology.

[61]  Arion F. Chatziioannou,et al.  Molecular imaging of small animals with dedicated PET tomographs , 2001, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

[62]  S. Cherry,et al.  Fundamentals of Positron Emission Tomography and Applications in Preclinical Drug Development , 2001, Journal of clinical pharmacology.

[63]  Thomas K. Lewellen,et al.  Dynamic high resolution imaging of rats: design considerations , 1990 .

[64]  G. Brix,et al.  Use of scanner characteristics in iterative image reconstruction for high-resolution positron emission tomography studies of small animals , 1997, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[65]  G. Paxinos,et al.  The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates , 1983 .

[66]  R. Leahy,et al.  High-resolution 3D Bayesian image reconstruction using the microPET small-animal scanner. , 1998, Physics in medicine and biology.

[67]  K Minematsu,et al.  Positron Emission Tomography for Quantitative Determination of Glucose Metabolism in Normal and Ischemic Brains in Rats: An Insoluble Problem by the Harderian Glands , 1997, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[68]  B. Carey,et al.  Quantitative Imaging in Oncology , 1996 .

[69]  Richard E. Carson,et al.  Performance characteristics of the 3-D OSEM algorithm in the reconstruction of small animal PET images , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[70]  S. Gambhir,et al.  Imaging gene expression: Principles and assays , 1999, Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.

[71]  T J Spinks,et al.  Physical performance of a positron tomograph for brain imaging with retractable septa. , 1992, Physics in medicine and biology.