Schizophrenia as an Anomaly of Cerebral Asymmetry

Science progresses by the formulation and elimination of hypotheses. This article attempts to provide an explanation for the structural changes that are present in the brain in schizophrenia and draws attention to what appears to be emerging as a consistent finding – that these changes are asymmetrical. On the basis of this finding an hypothesis is formulated that relates these changes to an evolutionary framework.

[1]  Ventricular system morphology in first episode schizophrenia: A volumetric study of ventricular subdivisions on MRI , 1990, Schizophrenia Research.

[2]  Y. J. Lee,et al.  Schizophrenia and cerebral laterality. , 1985, Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.

[3]  I. Mcmanus,et al.  Handedness , language dominance and aphasia : a genetic model , 2001 .

[4]  T. Crow,et al.  Concordance by Sex in Sibling Pairs with Schizophrenia is Paternally Inherited , 1989, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[5]  T. Crow A Re-Evaluation of the Viral Hypothesis: Is Psychosis the Result of Retroviral Integration at a Site Close to the Cerebral Dominance Gene? , 1984, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[6]  Haug Jo Pneumoencephalographic studies in mental disease. , 1962 .

[7]  H. Nasrallah,et al.  Hemispheric asymmetries on computed tomographic scans in schizophrenia and mania. A controlled study and a critical review. , 1983, Archives of general psychiatry.

[8]  N C Andreasen,et al.  Hemispheric asymmetries and schizophrenia. , 1982, The American journal of psychiatry.

[9]  J. Haug Pneumoencephalographic evidence of brain atrophy in acute and chronic schizophrenic patients , 1982, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[10]  N. Geschwind,et al.  Human Brain: Left-Right Asymmetries in Temporal Speech Region , 1968, Science.

[11]  T. J. Crow,et al.  Developmental arrest of cerebral asymmetries in early onset schizophrenia , 1989, Psychiatry Research.

[12]  P. Burgoyne Sex chromosomes: Mammalian X and Y crossover , 1986, Nature.

[13]  PSEUDOAUTOSOMAL LOCUS FOR THE CEREBRAL DOMINANCE GENE , 1989, The Lancet.

[14]  P. Stratta,et al.  Reduced temporal lobe areas in schizophrenia: Preliminary evidences from a controlled multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging study , 1990, Biological Psychiatry.

[15]  M. Annett Left, right, hand and brain : the right shift theory , 1985 .

[16]  E. B. Southard,et al.  ON THE TOPOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CORTEX LESIONS AND ANOMALIES IN DEMENTIA PRÆCOX, WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE , 1914 .

[17]  Reduced temporal lobe areas in schizophrenia: Preliminary evidences from a controlled multiplanar magnetic resonance study , 1990, Schizophrenia Research.

[18]  J. Lieberman,et al.  Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia , 1990, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging.

[19]  T. Crow,et al.  In Reply … A Locus Closer to the Telomere? , 1990, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[20]  J. Crichton-Browne ON THE WEIGHT OF THE BRAIN AND ITS COMPONENT PARTS IN THE INSANE , 1879 .

[21]  C. Netley,et al.  Atypical Hemispheric Lateralization in Turner Syndrome Subjects , 1982, Cortex.

[22]  Netley Ct Summary overview of behavioural development in individuals with neonatally identified X and Y aneuploidy. , 1986 .

[23]  H. Nasrallah,et al.  Temporal lobe asymmetry in schizophrenics demonstrated by coronal MRI brain scans , 1989, Schizophrenia Research.

[24]  C. Netley,et al.  Relations between a dermatoglyphic measure, hemispheric specialization, and intellectual abilities in 47,XXY males , 1987, Brain and Cognition.

[25]  L. DeLisi,et al.  Brain morphology in first episode cases of schizophrenia , 1990, Schizophrenia Research.

[26]  D. Weinberger,et al.  Schizophrenia and cerebral asymmetry detected by computed tomography. , 1982, The American journal of psychiatry.

[27]  A factor analytic study of ventriculomegaly in schizophrenia: An MRI study , 1990, Schizophrenia Research.

[28]  S. Gould,et al.  Size and Scaling in Human Evolution , 1974, Science.

[29]  T. Crow,et al.  The spectrum of structural brain changes in schizophrenia: age of onset as a predictor of cognitive and clinical impairments and their cerebral correlates , 1989, Psychological Medicine.

[30]  K. Davis,et al.  Characteristics of very poor outcome schizophrenia. , 1987, The American journal of psychiatry.

[31]  R Jagoe,et al.  Postmortem evidence of structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Differences in brain weight, temporal horn area, and parahippocampal gyrus compared with affective disorder. , 1986, Archives of general psychiatry.

[32]  T. Crow,et al.  Temporal lobe structure as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. , 1989, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[33]  R. Coppola,et al.  The relationship of occipital skull asymmetry to brain parenchymal measures in schizophrenia , 1989, Schizophrenia Research.

[34]  R. Baldy,et al.  Left cerebral hemisphere hypodensity in discordant schizophrenic twins. A controlled study. , 1987, Archives of general psychiatry.

[35]  W. Iacono,et al.  Association of left-handedness with ventricle size and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. , 1989, The American journal of psychiatry.

[36]  H. J. Jerison,et al.  Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence , 1973 .

[37]  P. Barta,et al.  Superior temporal gyrus volume in schizophrenia , 1990, Schizophrenia Research.

[38]  H. Forssman The Mental Implications of Sex Chromosome Aberrations , 1970, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[39]  R. Hunter,et al.  Modified lumbar air encephalography in the investigation of long-stay psychiatric patients. , 1968, Journal of the neurological sciences.

[40]  J. Kelsoe,et al.  Quantitative neuroanatomy in schizophrenia. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. , 1988, Archives of general psychiatry.

[41]  D. Weinberger,et al.  Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[42]  T. Crow,et al.  Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymmetry. A postmortem study and a proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. , 1989, Archives of general psychiatry.

[43]  J Levy,et al.  THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN AND THE ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE OF CEREBRAL ASYMMETRY , 1977, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.