Determination of cadmium and copper in water and food samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with UV–vis spectrophotometry

Abstract In this work, a new method based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) preconcentration using tetrachloromethane (CCl4) as extraction solvent was proposed for the spectrophotometric determination of cadmium and copper in water and food samples. The influence factors relevant to DLLME, such as type and volume of extractant and disperser solvent, concentration of chelating reagents, pH, salt effect, were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection for cadmium and copper were 0.01 ng/L and 0.5 μg/L, with enhancement factors (EFs) of 3458 and 10, respectively. The tremendous contrast of EFs could come from the different maximum absorption wavelength caused by the different extraction acidity compared with some conventional works and the enhancement effect of acetone used as dilution solvent during the spectrophotometric determination. The proposed method was applied to the determination of water and food samples with satisfactory analytical results. The proposed method was simple, rapid, cost-efficient and sensitive, especially for the detection of cadmium.

[1]  A. Azzouz.  Isomerism and Beckmann Rearrangement Reactions of α-Benzilmonoxime. A Comparative Kinetic and Stability Study , 1995 .

[2]  A. Anthemidis,et al.  On-line sequential injection dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction system for flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of copper and lead in water samples. , 2009, Talanta.

[3]  A. Anthemidis,et al.  Development of a sequential injection dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction system for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry by using a hydrophobic sorbent material: determination of lead and cadmium in natural waters. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[4]  S. R. Yousefi,et al.  Development of a robust ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction against high concentration of salt for preconcentration of trace metals in saline aqueous samples: application to the determination of Pb and Cd. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[5]  W. Zhou,et al.  Dithizone chloroform single drop microextraction system combined with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using Ir as permanent modifier for the determination of Cd in water and biological samples , 2006 .

[6]  P. Biparva,et al.  Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and spectrophotometric detection to the rapid determination of rhodamine 6G in industrial effluents. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[7]  M. Farajzadeh,et al.  Optimization of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of copper (II) by atomic absorption spectrometry as its oxinate chelate: application to determination of copper in different water samples. , 2008, Talanta.

[8]  E. Paleologos,et al.  Micelle-mediated separation and cloud-point extraction , 2005 .

[9]  S. D. Huang,et al.  Direct and simultaneous determination of copper, chromium, aluminum, and manganese in urine with a multielement graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[10]  X. Hou,et al.  Determination of cadmium in rice and water by tungsten coil electrothermal vaporization-atomic fluorescence spectrometry and tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[11]  Francisco Pena-Pereira,et al.  Miniaturized preconcentration methods based on liquid–liquid extraction and their application in inorganic ultratrace analysis and speciation: A review , 2009 .

[12]  M. Hosseini,et al.  Combination of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with flame atomic absorption spectrometry using microsample introduction for determination of lead in water samples. , 2008, Analytica chimica acta.

[13]  M. Hosseini,et al.  Monitoring of selenium in water samples using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by iridium-modified tube graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry , 2007 .

[14]  Bin Hu,et al.  Single-drop microextraction combined with low-temperature electrothermal vaporization ICPMS for the determination of trace Be, Co, Pd, and Cd in biological samples. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[15]  Peng Wu,et al.  On-line precipitation–dissolution in knotted reactor for thermospray flame furnace AAS for determination of ultratrace cadmium , 2009 .

[16]  Mohammad Rezaee,et al.  Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry as a fast technique for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[17]  M. Rezaee,et al.  Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. , 2006, Journal of chromatography. A.

[18]  X. Hou,et al.  Selective determination of trace amounts of silver in complicated matrices by displacement-cloud point extraction coupled with thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry , 2008 .

[19]  M. R. Jamali,et al.  Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: ultra trace determination of cadmium in water samples. , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[20]  X. Hou,et al.  Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction for ultrasensitive determination of trace lead by portable tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry , 2010 .

[21]  P. Liang,et al.  Displacement-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the selective determination of trace silver in environmental and geological samples. , 2010, Talanta.

[22]  F. Pena-Pereira,et al.  Headspace single-drop microextraction coupled to microvolume UV-vis spectrophotometry for iodine determination. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[23]  L. Teixeira,et al.  A procedure for determination of cobalt in water samples after dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction , 2009 .

[24]  Hian Kee Lee,et al.  Solvent bar microextraction. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  X. Hou,et al.  Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples , 2006 .

[26]  Hua Zhao,et al.  Use of ionic liquids as ‘green’ solvents for extractions , 2005 .

[27]  K. Farhadi,et al.  Optimization of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the selective determination of trace amounts of palladium by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.