Generative Max-Mahalanobis Classifiers for Image Classification, Generation and More

Joint Energy-based Model (JEM) of Grathwohl et al. (2020a) shows that a standard softmax classifier can be reinterpreted as an energy-based model (EBM) for the joint distribution p(x, y); the resulting model can be optimized with an energybased training to improve calibration, robustness and out-of-distribution detection, while generating samples rivaling the quality of recent GAN-based approaches. However, the softmax classifier that JEM exploits is inherently discriminative and its latent feature space is not well formulated as probabilistic distributions, which may hinder its potential for image generation and incur training instability as observed in Grathwohl et al. (2020a). We hypothesize that generative classifiers, such as Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), might be more suitable hybrid models for image generation since generative classifiers model the data generation process explicitly. This paper therefore investigates an LDA classifier for image classification and generation. In particular, the Max-Mahalanobis Classifier (MMC) Pang et al. (2020), a special case of LDA, fits our goal very well since MMC formulates the latent feature space explicitly as the Max-Mahalanobis distribution Pang et al. (2018). We term our algorithm Generative MMC (GMMC), and show that it can be trained discriminatively, generatively or jointly for image classification and generation. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets (CIFAR10, CIFAR100 and SVHN) show that GMMC achieves state-of-the-art discriminative and generative performances, while outperforming JEM in calibration, adversarial robustness and out-of-distribution detection by a significant margin.