Forces and moments generated by aligner-type appliances for orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The concept of fabricating aligners on setup casts for orthodontic tooth movement dates back to 19451 . Nowadays, the increasing demand for invisible orthodontics and aesthetic considerations, primarily across adult patients, has made the use of thermoplastic aligners quite popular. By the end of the 1990s, two novel thermoplastic aligner systems were introduced allowing for a wide range of tooth movement. The first implemented setups comprising tooth displacements between 0.5 and 1 mm 2 . This required a sequence of 3 aligners per setup step, with increasing thickness. The second, allowed for setup steps to be reduced to approximately 0.2 mm, so that stiffer aligners could be employed3 . Stereolithographic models and digital setups were implemented, allowing for only one initial impression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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