Altering foot progression angle in people with medial knee osteoarthritis: the effects of varying toe-in and toe-out angles are mediated by pain and malalignment

summary Objectives: To evaluate if altering the foot progression angle (FPA) by varying magnitudes during gait alters the external knee adduction moment (KAM), knee flexion moment (KFM), knee extension moment (KEM) and/or symptoms in people with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). Potential influence of pain and knee malalignment on load-modifying effects of FPA was investigated. Design: Participants (n ¼ 22) underwent 3-dimensional gait analysis to measure KAM peaks, KAM impulse, KFM and KEM peaks. Following natural gait, five altered FPA conditions were performed in random order (10 � toe-in, 0 � FPA, 10 � toe-out, 20

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