Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? An Investigation into the Validity of 3D Computer Landscape Visualizations in Urban Planning

[1]  R. Ulrich.  Visual landscapes and psychological well‐being , 1979 .

[2]  R. Ulrich.  Human responses to vegetation and landscapes , 1986 .

[3]  Margo I. Wilson,et al.  Effects of visual cues on assessment of water quality , 1995 .

[4]  Thomas Black.  Doing Quantitative Research in the Social Sciences: An Integrated Approach to Research Design, Measurement and Statistics , 1999 .

[5]  R. Thayer,et al.  Plants, complexity, and pleasure in urban and suburban environments , 1978 .

[6]  Stephen J Sheppard,et al.  Visual Simulation: A Users Guide for Architects, Engineers, and Planners , 1989 .

[7]  Caroline M. Hagerhall,et al.  CLUSTERING PREDICTORS OF LANDSCAPE PREFERENCE IN THE TRADITIONAL SWEDISH CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: PROSPECT-REFUGE, MYSTERY, AGE AND MANAGEMENT , 2000 .

[8]  Andreas Muhar,et al.  The role of computer visualization in the communication of urban design—A comparison of viewer responses to visualizations versus on-site visits , 2009 .

[9]  Eckart Lange,et al.  The limits of realism: perceptions of virtual landscapes , 2001 .

[10]  Robert D. Brown,et al.  Visual preference and ecological assessments for designed alternative brownfield rehabilitations. , 2008, Journal of environmental management.

[11]  Robert B. Riley.  Attachment to the Ordinary Landscape , 1992 .

[12]  Joshua Summit,et al.  Further Studies of Preferred Tree Shapes , 1999 .

[13]  D. Canter,et al.  PICTURE OR PLACE? A MULTIPLE SORTING STUDY OF LANDSCAPE☆ , 1997 .

[14]  John Zacharias.  PATH CHOICE AND VISUAL STIMULI: SIGNS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY AND ARCHITECTURE , 2001 .

[15]  Andrew Jones,et al.  The Development of a Visualization Methodology for Integrated Coastal Management , 2007 .

[16]  R. Zajonc.  On the primacy of affect. , 1984 .

[17]  Ian D. Bishop,et al.  Experiential approaches to perception response in virtual worlds , 2001 .

[18]  J. Watson,et al.  Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values , 1976 .

[19]  A. Stamps.  Use of Photographs to Simulate Environments: A Meta-Analysis , 1990 .

[20]  Ahmad Okeil,et al.  Utilizing a VR model for adding visual qualities to the downtown area of Al Ain City, UAE , 2004 .

[21]  W. H. Ittelson,et al.  Environmental psychology: man and his physical setting , 1970 .

[22]  Andrew A. Lovett,et al.  Visualising the potential impacts of climate change on rural landscapes , 2005, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[23]  Andrew A. Lovett,et al.  GIS-based visualisation of development proposals: reactions from planning and related professionals , 2005, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[24]  T. Sager.  Communicative Planning Theory , 1994 .

[25]  Kathleen L Wolf.  Trees in the Small City Retail Business District: Comparing Resident and Visitor Perceptions , 2005 .

[26]  Constantino Arce,et al.  CLASSIFICATION OF LANDSCAPES USING QUANTITATIVE AND CATEGORICAL DATA, AND PREDICTION OF THEIR SCENIC BEAUTY IN NORTH-WESTERN SPAIN , 2000 .

[27]  Tore Sager,et al.  The Logic of Critical Communicative Planning: Transaction Cost Alteration , 2006 .

[28]  G. Fricchione.  Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain , 1995 .

[29]  R. Kaplan,et al.  The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective , 1989 .

[30]  Kyu Shik Oh,et al.  A perceptual evaluation of computer-based landscape simulations , 1994 .

[31]  Lawrence M. Ward,et al.  Affective Quality Attributed to Environments , 1981 .

[32]  Ian D. Bishop,et al.  Assessing the Visual Impact of Development Proposals: The Validity of Computer Simulations , 1989, Landscape Journal.

[33]  Kimberly A. Neuendorf,et al.  The Content Analysis Guidebook , 2001 .

[34]  Arthur E. Stamps,et al.  Bootstrap Investigation of Respondent Sample Size for Environmental Preference , 1992 .

[35]  Toby Howard,et al.  Using Virtual Environment Technology to Improve Public Participation in Urban Planning Process , 2007 .

[36]  J. Rekittke,et al.  Enlightenment Approaches for Digital Absolutism . Diplomatic SteppingStones Between the Real and the Envisioned , 2005 .

[37]  Ian D. Bishop,et al.  Realism and selectivity in data-driven visualisations: A process for developing viewer-oriented landscape surrogates , 2007 .

[38]  Bartlett Warren-Kretzschmar,et al.  The interactive landscape plan: Use and benefits of new technologies in landscape planning and discussion of the interactive landscape plan in Koenigslutter am Elm, Germany , 2006 .

[39]  Brian Orland,et al.  Considering virtual worlds as representations of landscape realities and as tools for landscape planning , 2001 .

[40]  John Forester,et al.  Reflections on the future understanding of planning practice , 1999 .

[41]  C. L. Crooks,et al.  Cultural and Developmental Comparisons of Landscape Perceptions and Preferences , 2000 .

[42]  Ian D. Bishop,et al.  Communication, perception and visualization , 2005 .

[43]  Ian D. Bishop,et al.  Subjective responses to simulated and real environments: a comparison , 2003 .

[44]  E. Relph.  Place and placelessness , 1976 .

[45]  Anna Jorgensen,et al.  Woodland spaces and edges: their impact on perception of safety and preference , 2002 .

[46]  P. Lachenbruch.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[47]  H. Bernard,et al.  Data Management and Analysis Methods , 2000 .

[48]  John Decker.  The Validation of Computer Simulations for Design Guideline Dispute Resolution , 1994 .

[49]  Olaf Schroth,et al.  Approaches to integrating indicators into 3D landscape visualisations and their benefits for participative planning situations. , 2008, Journal of environmental management.

[50]  José Luis Carles,et al.  Sound influence on landscape values , 1999 .

[51]  J. Innes,et al.  Reframing public participation: strategies for the 21st century , 2004 .

[52]  D. Luymes.  The rhetoric of visual simulation in forest design: some research directions. , 2001 .

[53]  Åsa Ode,et al.  Key concepts in a framework for analysing visual landscape character , 2006 .

[54]  R. Millward,et al.  The Experience of Landscape , 1988 .

[55]  R. Sommer,et al.  An Exploratory Study of Preferred Tree Form , 1995 .

[56]  Richard Smardon,et al.  Perception and aesthetics of the urban environment: Review of the role of vegetation , 1988 .

[57]  Pat Crawford.  Digital Animation as a Participatory Tool for Exploring Community Visions , 2006 .

[58]  J. Nasar,et al.  Landscape mirror: the attractiveness of reflecting water , 2004 .

[59]  Sung-Kwon Hong,et al.  Relationship between landscape structure and neighborhood satisfaction in urbanized areas , 2008 .

[60]  Eckart Lange,et al.  Scenario-visualization for the assessment of perceived green space qualities at the urban-rural fringe. , 2008, Journal of environmental management.

[61]  R. Lazarus.  Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. , 1982 .

[62]  Andrew A. Lovett,et al.  GIS-based visualisation of rural landscapes: Defining 'sufficient' realism for environmental decision-making , 2003 .

[63]  J. Nasar,et al.  Visual Preferences in Urban Signscapes , 1999 .

[64]  Koon-kwai Wong,et al.  The Visual Quality of Urban Park Scenes of Kowloon Park, Hong Kong: Likeability, Affective Appraisal, and Cross-Cultural Perspectives , 2005 .

[65]  V. I. Lohr,et al.  Responses to Scenes with Spreading, Rounded, and Conical Tree Forms , 2006 .

[66]  T. Hill,et al.  Photorealistic visualisation of urban greening in a low-cost high-density housing settlement, Durban, South Africa , 2007 .

[67]  T. Daniel,et al.  Methodological Issues in the Assessment of Landscape Quality , 1983 .

[68]  R. Gimblett,et al.  Comparing live experience with pictures in articulating landscape preference , 1992 .

[69]  I. Altman,et al.  Place attachment: A conceptual inquiry. , 1992 .

[70]  Zena O’Connor,et al.  Bridging the Gap: Façade Colour, Aesthetic Response and Planning Policy , 2006 .

[71]  T. Purcell,et al.  Why do Preferences Differ between Scene Types? , 2001 .

[72]  Matthew B. Miles,et al.  Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook , 1994 .

[73]  G. Fry,et al.  The shared landscape: what does aesthetics have to do with ecology? , 2007, Landscape Ecology.

[74]  Stewart J. Cohen,et al.  Making local futures tangible - synthesizing, downscaling, and visualizing climate change scenarios for participatory capacity building. , 2009 .

[75]  S. Arnstein,et al.  Ladder of Citizen Participation , 2020 .

[76]  T. R. Herzog,et al.  A cognitive analysis of preference for urban nature , 1989 .

[77]  J. Diamond.  A sense of place , 1997, Nature.

[78]  H. Schroeder,et al.  Environmental Perception Rating Scales , 1984 .

[79]  Jack L. Nasar,et al.  Environmental correlates of evaluative appraisals of central business district scenes , 1987 .

[80]  S. Kaplan.  Aesthetics, Affect, and Cognition , 1987 .

[81]  R. Kaplan,et al.  The prediction of preference for unfamiliar urban places , 1982 .

[82]  J. L. Lewis.  Perceptions of landscape change in a rural British Columbia community , 2008 .

[83]  Stephen Ervin,et al.  Digital landscape modeling and visualization: a research agenda , 2001 .

[84]  W. Neuman,et al.  Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches , 2006 .

[85]  T. Daniel,et al.  REPRESENTATIONAL VALIDITY OF LANDSCAPE VISUALIZATIONS: THE EFFECTS OF GRAPHICAL REALISM ON PERCEIVED SCENIC BEAUTY OF FOREST VISTAS , 2001 .

[86]  Eckart Lange,et al.  Combining a participatory planning approach with a virtual landscape model for the siting of wind turbines , 2005 .

[87]  Philip Paar,et al.  Landscape visualizations: Applications and requirements of 3D visualization software for environmental planning , 2006, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[88]  Brian Orland,et al.  Viewer preference for spatial arrangement of park trees: An application of video-imaging technology , 1994 .

[89]  H. Staats,et al.  CHANGE IN MOOD AS A FUNCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN: AROUSAL AND PLEASURE ON A SIMULATED FOREST HIKE , 1997 .

[90]  Christian Stock,et al.  Linking GIS with real-time visualisation for exploration of landscape changes in rural community workshops , 2006, Virtual Reality.

[91]  R. Downs,et al.  Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience , 1978 .

[92]  Kheir Al-Kodmany,et al.  Visualization Tools and Methods in Community Planning: From Freehand Sketches to Virtual Reality , 2002 .

[93]  Sophie A. Nicholson-Cole.  Representing climate change futures: a critique on the use of images for visual communication , 2005, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[94]  Guoqing Zhou,et al.  Customizing Visualization in Three-Dimensional Urban GIS via Web-Based Interaction , 2006 .

[95]  B. Kaltenborn,et al.  Associations between environmental value orientations and landscape preferences , 2002 .

[96]  Peter Bosselmann.  Representation of Places: Reality and Realism in City Design , 1998 .

[97]  R. Kaplan,et al.  People needs in the urban landscape : Analysis of Landscape And Urban Planning contributions , 2008 .

[98]  Kevin Lynch,et al.  The Image of the City , 1960 .

[99]  Ian D. Bishop,et al.  Integration of augmented reality and GIS: A new approach to realistic landscape visualisation , 2008 .

[100]  Robert MacFarlane,et al.  Peering through the smoke? Tensions in landscape visualisation , 2005, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[101]  J. L. Fridley,et al.  The validity of computer-generated graphic images of forest landscape , 1995 .

[102]  David Pullar,et al.  Coupling 3D visualisation to qualitative assessment of built environment designs , 2001 .

[103]  Ian D. Bishop,et al.  Visualization in Landscape and Environmental Planning : Technology and Applications , 2005 .

[104]  Paul Slovic,et al.  The Springs of Action: Affective and Analytical Information Processing in Choice , 2000 .

[105]  Stephen R.J. Sheppard,et al.  Culture and communication: Can landscape visualization improve forest management consultation with indigenous communities? , 2006 .

[106]  Ervin H. Zube,et al.  Landscape perception: Research, application and theory , 1982 .

[107]  Mike Walkden,et al.  Dynamic simulation and visualisation of coastal erosion , 2006, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[108]  L. M. Anderson,et al.  Effects of Sounds on Preferences for Outdoor Settings , 1983 .

[109]  A E Stamps,et al.  Some Streets of San Francisco: Preference Effects of Trees, Cars, Wires, and Buildings , 1997 .

[110]  Malgorzata Hanzl,et al.  Information technology as a tool for public participation in urban planning: a review of experiments and potentials , 2007 .

[111]  J. Nasar,et al.  Evaluative Responses to Five Kinds of Water Features , 2003 .

[112]  Henk M. E. Miedema,et al.  Relationships between street characteristics and perceived attractiveness for walking reported by elderly people , 2008 .

[113]  Kheir Al-Kodmany,et al.  Using visualization techniques for enhancing public participation in planning and design: Process, implementation, and evaluation , 1999 .

[114]  S. Milgram.  The experience of living in cities. , 1970, Science.

[115]  T. Daniel.  Measuring the quality of the natural environment: A psychophysical approach. , 1990 .

[116]  Damian Schofield,et al.  The use of virtual environments for percentage view analysis. , 2005, Journal of environmental management.

[117]  Jean J. Schensul,et al.  Essential Ethnographic Methods: Observations, Interviews, and Questionnaires , 1999 .

[118]  Ian D. Bishop,et al.  Subjective responses to computer simulations of urban environments , 2002 .

[119]  Région de la Capitale Nationale,et al.  City of Toronto , 2011 .

[120]  T. Daniel.  Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century , 2001 .

[121]  Kathleen L. Wolf,et al.  Business District Streetscapes, Trees, and Consumer Response , 2005 .

[122]  R. Kaplan.  Employees’ reactions to nearby nature at their workplace: The wild and the tame , 2007 .

[123]  A. Stamps.  Mystery, complexity, legibility and coherence: A meta-analysis , 2004 .

[124]  Stephen R.J. Sheppard.  Validity, reliability and ethics in visualization , 2005 .

[125]  P. Healey.  Collaborative Planning: Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies , 1997 .

[126]  Songmin Li,et al.  Application of visual simulation technology to a soil erosion protection project , 2008 .

[127]  S. Sheppard.  Landscape visualisation and climate change: the potential for influencing perceptions and behaviour , 2005 .

[128]  Arthur E. Stamps,et al.  Physical Determinants of Preferences for Residential Facades , 1999 .

[129]  R. Zajonc.  Feeling and thinking : Preferences need no inferences , 1980 .

[130]  Susan M Pietsch.  Computer Visualisation in the Design Control of Urban Environments: A Literature Review , 2000 .

[131]  John Forester,et al.  Making Participation Work When Interests Conflict: Moving from Facilitating Dialogue and Moderating Debate to Mediating Negotiations , 2006 .

[132]  Mary W. Downton,et al.  Judgments of photographs vs. field observations in studies of perception and judgment of the visual environment , 1984 .

[133]  Thomas C. Brown,et al.  Is motion more important than it sounds?: The medium of presentation in environment perception research , 1993 .

[134]  John Danahy,et al.  Technology for dynamic viewing and peripheral vision in landscape visualization , 2001 .

[135]  M. Meitner.  Scenic beauty of river views in the Grand Canyon : relating perceptual judgments to locations , 2004 .

[136]  A. Lothian.  Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder? , 1999 .

[137]  Arthur E. Stamps,et al.  Environmental Enclosure in Urban Settings , 2002 .

[138]  R. Kaplan,et al.  The analysis of perception via preference: A strategy for studying how the environment is experienced , 1985 .

[139]  Seppo Kellomäki,et al.  The scenic value of the forest landscape as assessed in the field and the laboratory , 1984 .

[140]  C. V. Woerkum,et al.  Local knowledge in visually mediated practice , 2008 .

[141]  Robert J. McGaughey,et al.  Data-driven simulation, dimensional accuracy and realism in a landscape visualization tool , 1998 .

[142]  W. H. Ittelson,et al.  Freedom of choice and behavior in a physical setting. , 1972 .

[143]  T. R. Herzog,et al.  A cognitive analysis of preference for waterscapes , 1985 .

[144]  A. Muhar.  Three-dimensional modelling and visualisation of vegetation for landscape simulation , 2001 .

[145]  Andrew A. Lovett,et al.  Rural landscape visualisation from GIS databases: a comparison of approaches, options and problems , 2002 .

[146]  M. Miles,et al.  Data management and analysis methods. , 1994 .

[147]  Pedro Neto.  Evaluation of an Urban Design Project: Imagery and Realistic Computer Models , 2001 .

[148]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Comment to Comparison of Current Planning Theories: Counterparts and Contradictions , 1979 .

[149]  J. M. Cortina,et al.  What Is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications , 1993 .

[150]  Duncan Cavens,et al.  The multiple roles of environmental data visualization in evaluating alternative forest management strategies , 2005 .

[151]  Joan Iverson Nassauer,et al.  Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames , 1995, Landscape Journal.

[152]  Gordon A. Bradley,et al.  Public perception as support for scenic quality regulation in a nationally treasured landscape , 2008 .

[153]  R. Kaplan,et al.  The Prediction of Preference for Familiar Urban Places , 1976 .

[154]  J. Innes.  Planning Through Consensus Building: A New View of the Comprehensive Planning Ideal , 1996 .

[155]  R. Ulrich.  Natural Versus Urban Scenes , 1981 .

[156]  Christophe Claramunt,et al.  Environmental simulation within a virtual environment , 2004 .

[157]  Andy P. Field,et al.  Discovering Statistics Using SPSS , 2000 .

[158]  Andrew A. Lovett,et al.  Developing scenarios and visualisations to illustrate potential policy and climatic influences on future agricultural landscapes , 2006 .

[159]  Judith E. Innes,et al.  Consensus Building: Clarifications for the Critics , 2004 .

[160]  David Miller,et al.  The Application of Visual Environmental Economics in the Study of Public Preference and Urban Greenspace , 2009 .

[161]  J. Falk,et al.  Development of Visual Preference for Natural Environments , 1982 .

[162]  Andy Hamilton,et al.  Learning through Visual Systems to Enhance the Urban Planning Process , 2001 .

[163]  Randy H. Gimblett,et al.  VISUAL SIMULATION: A USER'S GUIDE FOR ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, AND PLANNERS , 1990, Landscape Journal.

[164]  H. Özgüner,et al.  Public attitudes towards naturalistic versus designed landscapes in the city of Sheffield (UK) , 2006 .

[165]  G. Tress,et al.  Scenario visualisation for participatory landscape planning—a study from Denmark , 2003 .

[166]  R. Stedman.  Is It Really Just a Social Construction?: The Contribution of the Physical Environment to Sense of Place , 2003 .

[167]  Eeva Karjalainen,et al.  Visualization in forest landscape preference research: a Finnish perspective , 2002 .

[168]  R. Wilson.  Balancing Emotion and Cognition: a Case for Decision Aiding in Conservation Efforts , 2008, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[169]  Philip Paar,et al.  Towards a planning support system for environmental management and agri-environmental measures--the Colorfields study. , 2008, Journal of environmental management.

[170]  G. Buhyoff,et al.  Predicting scenic quality for urban forests using vegetation measurements , 1984 .

[171]  Richard S. Lazarus,et al.  On the Primacy of Cognition. , 1984 .

[172]  M. Hidalgo,et al.  Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions , 2001 .

[173]  R. B. Hull,et al.  Validity of photo-based scenic beauty judgments , 1992 .

[174]  Stephen R.J. Sheppard,et al.  Guidance for crystal ball gazers: developing a code of ethics for landscape visualization , 2001 .

[175]  J. R Wherrett.  Issues in using the Internet as a medium for landscape preference research , 1999 .

[176]  Robin L. Nabi,et al.  Exploring the Framing Effects of Emotion , 2003, Commun. Res..

[177]  G. Clore,et al.  Mood as Information: 20 Years Later , 2003 .

[178]  Joan Iverson Nassauer.  The appearance of ecological systems as a matter of policy , 2004, Landscape Ecology.

[179]  E. Scott Geller,et al.  Environmental Psychology: Directions and Perspectives , 1983 .

[180]  Stephen Kaplan,et al.  The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework , 1995 .

[181]  C. Bullock,et al.  Valuing Urban Green Space: Hypothetical Alternatives and the Status Quo , 2008 .

[182]  Christer Thrane,et al.  Vegetation density of urban parks and perceived appropriateness for recreation , 2006 .

[183]  Sam Bucolo,et al.  Client expectations of virtual environments for urban design development , 2001, Proceedings Fifth International Conference on Information Visualisation.

[184]  C. Norberg-Schulz.  Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture , 1979 .

[185]  Joan Iverson Nassauer,et al.  Culture and changing landscape structure , 1995, Landscape Ecology.

[186]  D. Kolb,et al.  Planning in the Face of Power. , 1988 .

[187]  T. Daniel,et al.  Measuring landscape esthetics: the scenic beauty estimation method , 1976 .

[188]  L. Tyrväinen,et al.  Visualization and landscape laboratories in planning, design and management of urban woodlands , 2006 .

[189]  William C. Sullivan,et al.  Transforming Inner-City Landscapes , 1998 .

[190]  Petr Cizek,et al.  The ethics of Google Earth: crossing thresholds from spatial data to landscape visualisation. , 2009, Journal of environmental management.

[191]  H. Baum,et al.  Why the Rational Paradigm Persists: Tales from the Field , 1996 .

[192]  Pedro Leão Neto,et al.  Public Perception in Contemporary Portugal: The Digital Representation of Space , 2006 .