Visualizing the Intellectual Structure of Eye Movement Research in Cartography

Eye movement research is a burgeoning frontier area in cartography that has attracted much attention from cartographers. However, the substantial amount of relevant literature poses a challenge for researchers aiming to obtain a rapid understanding of the intellectual structure of this research field. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the use of bibliometric analysis methods and multiple visual metaphors to visualize the intellectual structure of eye movement research in cartography, including the classic literature, research theme clusters, and research hotspots, etc. We also explain the use of geovisualization method, which can efficiently represent the spatial distribution of scientific power. Although the analysis results may not fully describe the whole research field, this method is generally applicable. We hope that it will not only help researchers to quickly grasp the evolution and trends of this research field, but will also become a novel method of merging geovisualization with knowledge visualization.

[1]  Henry G. Small,et al.  Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents , 1973, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..

[2]  Fang Xu,et al.  Using eye tracking to evaluate the usability of animated maps , 2013, Science China Earth Sciences.

[3]  Nicholas V. Olijnyk An algorithmic historiography of the Ebola research specialty: mapping the science behind Ebola , 2015, Scientometrics.

[4]  Philippe De Maeyer,et al.  Visual analytics on eye movement data reveal search patterns on dynamic and interactive maps , 2010 .

[5]  Jeff B. Pelz,et al.  How people look at pictures before, during, and after scene capture: Buswell revisited , 2002, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[6]  Aleksandra E. Gorovaya,et al.  Use of eye-tracking technology in sport psychology , 2013 .

[7]  Izabela Gołębiowska,et al.  Legend Layouts for Thematic Maps: A Case Study Integrating Usability Metrics with the Thinking Aloud Method , 2015 .

[8]  Laura Chamberlain Eye Tracking Methodology; Theory and Practice , 2007 .

[9]  Ge Qian Scientometrics analysis on the intellectual structure of the research field of bioenergy. , 2013 .

[10]  Christof Koch,et al.  A Model of Saliency-Based Visual Attention for Rapid Scene Analysis , 2009 .

[11]  Vassilios Krassanakis,et al.  Exploring the map reading process with eye movement analysis , 2013 .

[12]  C. Koch,et al.  A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention , 2000, Vision Research.

[13]  Alzbeta Brychtova,et al.  Eye-tracking Study on Different Perception of 2D and 3D Terrain Visualisation , 2013 .

[14]  Weihua Dong,et al.  EYE TRACKING TO EXPLORE THE IMPACTS OF PHOTOREALISTIC 3D REPRESENTATIONS IN PEDSTRIAN NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE , 2016 .

[15]  Theodore Steinke Eye Movement Studies In Cartography And Related Fields , 1987 .

[16]  Quan Wang,et al.  Mapping connections between biological-emotional preferences and affective recognition: An eye-tracking interface for passive assessment of emotional competency , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII).

[17]  Gennady Andrienko,et al.  Novel Method to Measure Inference Affordance in Static Small-Multiple Map Displays Representing Dynamic Processes , 2008 .

[18]  Tommy Strandvall,et al.  Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research , 2009, INTERACT.

[19]  D. Price,et al.  Collaboration in an invisible college. , 1966, The American psychologist.

[20]  Arzu Çöltekin,et al.  ON THE USABILITY AND USEFULNESS OF 3D (GEO)VISUALIZATIONS – A FOCUS ON VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENTS , 2016 .

[21]  L. Nadel,et al.  The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map , 1978 .

[22]  Jan-Louis Kruger,et al.  Attention distribution and cognitive load in a subtitled academic lecture: L1 vs. L2 , 2014 .

[23]  R. Passingham The hippocampus as a cognitive map J. O'Keefe & L. Nadel, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1978). 570 pp., £25.00 , 1979, Neuroscience.

[24]  Daniel Weiskopf,et al.  Space-Time Visual Analytics of Eye-Tracking Data for Dynamic Stimuli , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[25]  Peter E. Latham,et al.  Mutual Information , 2006 .

[26]  Michael Neuman,et al.  Way-Finding Improves Visual Memory for Built Environments , 2014, ET4S@GIScience.

[27]  Zhi Guo Fan,et al.  The Analysis of Research Hotspot of Chinese Cultural and Creative Industry - Based on Co-Words Method , 2013 .

[28]  Z. Duan,et al.  Visualization analysis of author collaborations in schizophrenia research , 2015, BMC Psychiatry.

[29]  M. M. Kessler Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers , 1963 .

[30]  Byron Nakos,et al.  Detection of moving point symbols on cartographic backgrounds , 2016 .

[31]  Weihua Dong,et al.  Assessing the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Map Colour for Colour Impairments Using an Eye-tracking Approach , 2016 .

[32]  Gary E. Raney,et al.  Eye movement control in reading: a comparison of two types of models. , 1996, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[33]  Kevin W. Boyack,et al.  Co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and direct citation: Which citation approach represents the research front most accurately? , 2010 .

[34]  MU-HSUAN HUANG,et al.  Constructing a patent citation map using bibliographic coupling: A study of Taiwan's high-tech companies , 2003, Scientometrics.

[35]  Andrew J. Stewart,et al.  Integrating text and pictorial information: eye movements when looking at print advertisements. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[36]  Martin Raubal,et al.  Where Am I? Investigating Map Matching During Self‐Localization With Mobile Eye Tracking in an Urban Environment , 2014, Trans. GIS.

[37]  Alenka Poplin,et al.  How user-friendly are online interactive maps? Survey based on experiments with heterogeneous users , 2015 .

[38]  Kathryn A. Stofer,et al.  Comparing Experts and Novices on Scaffolded Data Visualizations using Eye-tracking , 2014 .

[39]  Roberto Pierdicca,et al.  Automatic Analysis of Eye-Tracking Data for Augmented Reality Applications: A Prospective Outlook , 2016, AVR.

[40]  Philippe De Maeyer,et al.  Examining the validity of the total dwell time of eye fixations to identify landmarks in a building , 2016 .

[41]  Chaomei Chen,et al.  A scientometric review of emerging trends and new developments in recommendation systems , 2015, Scientometrics.

[42]  Bernd Ludwig,et al.  Where is the Landmark? Eye Tracking Studies in Large-Scale Indoor Environments , 2014, ET4S@GIScience.

[43]  Akiko Aizawa,et al.  An information-theoretic perspective of tf-idf measures , 2003, Inf. Process. Manag..

[44]  C. Koch,et al.  Computational modelling of visual attention , 2001, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[45]  Qi Yu,et al.  Research groups of oncology co-authorship network in China , 2011, Scientometrics.

[46]  Howard D. White,et al.  Author cocitation: A literature measure of intellectual structure , 1981, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..

[47]  R. N. Kostoff Multidisciplinary research thrusts from co-word analysis , 1991, Technology Management : the New International Language.

[48]  K. Rayner Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. , 1998, Psychological bulletin.

[49]  Banu Cangöz,et al.  Effects of emotion and perspective on remembering events: An eye-tracking study , 2016 .

[50]  P. Maeyer,et al.  Study of the attentive behavior of novice and expert map users using eye tracking , 2014 .

[51]  Junpeng Lao,et al.  iMap4: An open source toolbox for the statistical fixation mapping of eye movement data with linear mixed modeling , 2015, Behavior Research Methods.

[52]  A. MacEachren,et al.  Research Challenges in Geovisualization , 2001, KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information.

[53]  Philippe De Maeyer,et al.  Analyzing eye movement patterns to improve map design , 2010 .

[54]  Francisco Herrera,et al.  Science mapping software tools: Review, analysis, and cooperative study among tools , 2011, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[55]  Mark Zastrow Data visualization: Science on the map , 2015, Nature.

[56]  Patrick Weber,et al.  Towards Usability Engineering for Online Editors of Volunteered Geographic Information: A Perspective on Learnability , 2012, Trans. GIS.

[57]  Andrew T Duchowski,et al.  A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications , 2002, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[58]  Mathieu Bastian,et al.  Gephi: An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks , 2009, ICWSM.

[59]  Philippe De Maeyer,et al.  The Use of Eye Tracking in Search of Indoor Landmarks , 2014, ET4S@GIScience.

[60]  Weihua Dong,et al.  Eye Tracking to Explore the Potential of Enhanced Imagery Basemaps in Web Mapping , 2014 .

[61]  Raffaella Balzarini,et al.  THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PANORAMIC MAPS DESIGN: A PRELIMINARY STUDY BASED ON MOBILE EYE-TRACKING , 2016 .

[62]  Henry W. Castner,et al.  Eye-Movement Parameters and Perceived Map Complexity—II , 1984 .

[63]  Jürgen Schweikart,et al.  Mental representation of landmarks on maps: Investigating cartographic visualization methods with eye tracking technology , 2017, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[64]  J. S. Katz,et al.  What is research collaboration , 1997 .

[65]  Markus Huff,et al.  DynAOI: A tool for matching eye-movement data with dynamic areas of interest in animations and movies , 2010, Behavior research methods.

[66]  Jianhua Hou,et al.  The structure and dynamics of cocitation clusters: A multiple-perspective cocitation analysis , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[67]  Philippe De Maeyer,et al.  Analysing the spatial dimension of eye movement data using a visual analytic approach , 2012, Expert Syst. Appl..

[68]  Martin Raubal,et al.  Using eye movements to recognize activities on cartographic maps , 2013, SIGSPATIAL/GIS.

[69]  Vaclav Kudelka EYE-TRACKING TESTING OF GIS INTERFACES , 2011 .

[70]  Philippe De Maeyer,et al.  Combining user logging with eye tracking for interactive and dynamic applications , 2015, Behavior research methods.

[71]  Sara Irina Fabrikant,et al.  How Do People View Multi-Component Animated Maps? , 2014 .

[72]  T. Grubesic,et al.  Exploring the GIS Knowledge Domain Using CiteSpace , 2015 .

[73]  Weihua Dong,et al.  Exploring differences of visual attention in pedestrian navigation when using 2D maps and 3D geo-browsers , 2017 .

[74]  Erik D. Reichle,et al.  Eye movements in reading and information processing: Keith Rayner’s 40 year legacy , 2016 .

[75]  Alberto Di Minin,et al.  Visualizing the structure and bridges of the intellectual property management and strategy literature: a document co-citation analysis , 2014, Scientometrics.

[76]  Philip T. Kortum,et al.  Measuring the Usability of Mobile Applications for Phones and Tablets , 2015, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[77]  Arzu Çöltekin,et al.  Evaluating the Effectiveness of Interactive Map Interface Designs: A Case Study Integrating Usability Metrics with Eye-Movement Analysis , 2009 .

[78]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  Cognitive Map-Design Research in the Twentieth Century: Theoretical and Empirical Approaches , 2002 .

[79]  Byron Nakos,et al.  EyeMMV toolbox: An eye movement post-analysis tool based on a two-step spatial dispersion threshold for fixation identification , 2014 .

[80]  Huseyin Ozcinar,et al.  Mapping teacher education domain: A document co-citation analysis from 1992 to 2012 , 2015 .

[81]  Johan Engström,et al.  Sensitivity of eye-movement measures to in-vehicle task difficulty , 2005 .

[82]  Marcus Missal,et al.  Anticipation of physical causality guides eye movements , 2016 .

[83]  Weidong Liu,et al.  Visualizing the intellectual structure and evolution of innovation systems research: a bibliometric analysis , 2015, Scientometrics.

[84]  Qin He,et al.  Knowledge Discovery Through Co-Word Analysis , 1999, Libr. Trends.

[85]  Tsu-Chiang Lei,et al.  Evaluating differences in spatial visual attention in wayfinding strategy when using 2D and 3D electronic maps , 2014, GeoJournal.

[86]  Jerry Shannon,et al.  Using Eye-tracking and Mouse Metrics to Test Usability of Web Mapping Navigation , 2012 .

[87]  Martin Raubal,et al.  Location-Aware Mobile Eye-Tracking for the Explanation of Wayfinding Behavior , 2012 .

[88]  Ted Dunning,et al.  Accurate Methods for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidence , 1993, CL.

[89]  Bernd Resch,et al.  User Experience Design in Professional Map-Based Geo-Portals , 2013, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..

[90]  P. Rousseeuw Silhouettes: a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis , 1987 .

[91]  Eric N. Wiebe,et al.  Eye-Tracking Students' Attention to PowerPoint Photographs in a Science Education Setting , 2005 .

[92]  Melinda Laituri,et al.  User-friendly web mapping: lessons from a citizen science website , 2010, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[93]  Nancy Millette,et al.  How People Look at Pictures , 1935 .

[94]  Chaomei Chen,et al.  Emerging trends in regenerative medicine: a scientometric analysis in CiteSpace , 2012, Expert opinion on biological therapy.

[95]  K. Backhaus,et al.  The structure and evolution of business-to-business marketing: A citation and co-citation analysis , 2011 .

[96]  Christof Koch,et al.  Comparison of feature combination strategies for saliency-based visual attention systems , 1999, Electronic Imaging.

[97]  Frank Witlox,et al.  Investigating the Effectiveness of an Efficient Label Placement Method Using Eye Movement Data , 2012 .

[98]  Lars Brodersen,et al.  Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design , 2001 .

[99]  Chaomei Chen,et al.  CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature , 2006, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..