Pediatric laparoscopy and thoracoscopy

Part 1 General: history of paediatric laparosocopy and thoracoscopy instrumentation for endoscopic surgery thermal instrumentation for endoscopic surgery suturing and knot tying tissue extraction anaesthetic management for paediatric laparoscopy and thoracoscopy perioperative nursing considerations for minimally invasive surgical procedures basic laparoscopy basic thoracoscopy in children training and credentialing. Part 2 Procedures: laparoscopy - appendicitis, cholecystectomy, exploration for trauma, pancreatic pseudocysts, and duodenal hematoma, undescended testicles, varicocelel, adhesiolysis for small bowel obstruction, exploration for intra-abdominal abscess, ventriculo-gallbladder shunts in infants, laparoscopic management of ventribuloperitoneal Shunt/Tenkoff catheter malfunction, ovarian biopsy/oophorectomy, inguinal hernias, pyloromyotomy, fundoplication, tumour staging, brachytherapy, liver biopsy, nephrectomy, splenectomy, bowel resection, vagotomy, abdominal approach, Duhamel pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease, lymph node sampling, staging laparotomy, vesicoureteral reflux, laparoscopy for the jaundiced infant, laparoscopic surgery for rectal prolapse thoracoscopy - pleural effusion/empyema, pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions or recurrent pneumothoraces, blebectomy, pericardiectomy, mediastinal biopsy, transdiaphragmatic liver biopsy, sympathectomy, vagotomy, lung biopsy, lobectomy, excision of a thoracic mass, bronchogenic cyst, Heller myotomy, ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus, thymectomy, diaphragmatic plication, aortopexy.