Deep Ocean Mineral Supplementation Enhances the Cerebral Hemodynamic Response during Exercise and Decreases Inflammation Postexercise in Men at Two Age Levels

Background: Previous studies have consistently shown that oral supplementation of deep ocean minerals (DOM) improves vascular function in animals and enhances muscle power output in exercising humans. Purpose: To examine the effects of DOM supplementation on the cerebral hemodynamic response during physical exertion in young and middle-aged men. Design: Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover studies were conducted in young (N = 12, aged 21.2 ± 0.4 years) and middle-aged men (N = 9, aged 46.8 ± 1.4 years). The counter-balanced trials of DOM and Placebo were separated by a 2-week washout period. DOM and Placebo were orally supplemented in drinks before, during, and after cycling exercise. DOM comprises desalinated minerals and trace elements from seawater collected ~618 m below the earth's surface. Methods: Cerebral hemodynamic response (tissue hemoglobin) was measured during cycling at 75% VO2max using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Results: Cycling time to exhaustion at 75% VO2max and the associated plasma lactate response were similar between the Placebo and DOM trials for both age groups. In contrast, DOM significantly elevated cerebral hemoglobin levels in young men and, to a greater extent, in middle-aged men compared with Placebo. An increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was observed in middle-aged men, 2 h after exhaustive cycling, but was attenuated by DOM. Conclusion: Our data suggest that minerals and trace elements from deep oceans possess great promise in developing supplements to increase the cerebral hemodynamic response against a physical challenge and during post-exercise recovery for middle-aged men.

[1]  M. Keller,et al.  Sulfate radicals enable a non-enzymatic Krebs cycle precursor , 2017, Nature Ecology &Evolution.

[2]  W. Kuo,et al.  Deep sea minerals prolong life span of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats by compensatory augmentation of the IGF‐I‐survival signaling and inhibition of apoptosis , 2016, Environmental toxicology.

[3]  Zhang-bin Tan,et al.  Deep sea water improves exercise and inhibits oxidative stress in a physical fatigue mouse model. , 2016, Biomedical reports.

[4]  D. A. Keen,et al.  The impact of post-exercise hydration with deep-ocean mineral water on rehydration and exercise performance , 2016, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.

[5]  B. Clark,et al.  The power of the mind: the cortex as a critical determinant of muscle strength/weakness. , 2014, Journal of neurophysiology.

[6]  A. Stasiulis,et al.  Deep mineral water accelerates recovery after dehydrating aerobic exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study , 2014, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.

[7]  Chieh-Hsi Wu,et al.  Deep Sea Water Prevents Balloon Angioplasty-Induced Hyperplasia through MMP-2: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study , 2014, PloS one.

[8]  M. Liu,et al.  Potential Osteoporosis Recovery by Deep Sea Water through Bone Regeneration in SAMP8 Mice , 2013, Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM.

[9]  J. Ivy,et al.  Deep ocean mineral water accelerates recovery from physical fatigue , 2013, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.

[10]  Z. Wen,et al.  Transcriptional profiling of Chinese medicinal formula Si-Wu-Tang on breast cancer cells reveals phytoestrogenic activity , 2013, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

[11]  G. Radhakrishnan,et al.  Intake of dissolved organic matter from deep seawater inhibits atherosclerosis progression. , 2009, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[12]  J. Panza,et al.  Mechanisms of decreased vascular function with aging. , 2009, Hypertension.

[13]  Stéphane Perrey,et al.  Prefrontal cortex oxygenation and neuromuscular responses to exhaustive exercise , 2007, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[14]  Andrew C. Dimmen,et al.  Effects of acute hypoxia on cerebral and muscle oxygenation during incremental exercise. , 2007, Journal of applied physiology.

[15]  Christopher H. Morrell,et al.  Accelerated Longitudinal Decline of Aerobic Capacity in Healthy Older Adults , 2005, Circulation.

[16]  N. Secher,et al.  Maintained cerebral and skeletal muscle oxygenation during maximal exercise in patients with liver cirrhosis. , 2005, Journal of hepatology.

[17]  M. Miyamura,et al.  Difference between deep seawater and surface seawater in the preventive effect of atherosclerosis. , 2004, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[18]  Bengt Kayser,et al.  Exercise starts and ends in the brain , 2003, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[19]  W G Hopkins,et al.  Reliability of performance in repeated sprint cycling tests. , 2002, Journal of science and medicine in sport.

[20]  Philip D. Gingerich,et al.  Origin of Whales from Early Artiodactyls: Hands and Feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan , 2001, Science.

[21]  T. Kusky,et al.  The Archean Dongwanzi Ophiolite Complex, North China Craton: 2.505-Billion-Year-Old Oceanic Crust and Mantle , 2001, Science.

[22]  W. Kindermann,et al.  The Acute Immune Response to Exercise: What Does It Mean? , 1997, International journal of sports medicine.

[23]  D. F. Smith,et al.  Lithium and rubidium: Effects on the rhythmic swimming movement of jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) , 1979, Experientia.

[24]  F. Johnson Effects of Alkali Metal Chlorides on Activity in Rats , 1972, Nature.

[25]  K. Wildfong,et al.  Regulation of cerebral blood flow during transient hypertension in humans , 2016 .

[26]  A William Sheel,et al.  Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow During Exercise , 2007, Sports medicine.