Electronic Instrument Design: Architecting for the Life Cycle

PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABBREVIATIONS 1. Systems Engineering 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Overview of Systems Engineering 1.3 The Systems Perspective 1.4 Documentation 1.5 Concept Development 1.6 Requirements 1.7 Design Development 1.8 Rapid Prototyping and Field Testing 1.9 Validation, Verification, and Integration 1.10 Maintenance and Life-Cycle Costs 1.11 Failure, Iteration, and Judgment 1.12 Summary 1.13 Recommended Reading 1.14 References 2. Architecting and Engineering Judgment 2.1 Good Engineering 2.2 Questions to Ask 2.3 Architecting 2.4 Design Concerns and Heuristics 2.5 Teamwork and Trust 2.6 A Common Problem: Real-Time Control 2.7 Case Studies 2.8 Summary 2.9 Recommended Reading 2.10 References 3. Documentation 3.1 Don't Skip This Chapter 3.2 Types of Documentation 3.3 Records, Accountability, and Liability 3.4 Audience 3.5 Preparation, Presentation, and Preservation 3.6 Methods 3.7 Visual Techniques 3.8 Layout 3.9 Writing Well 3.10 Summary 3.11 Recommended Reading 3.12 References 4. The Human Interface 4.1 Man-Machine Dialgoue and Industrial Design 4.2 User-Centered Design 4.3 Five Elements of Successful Design 4.4 Cognition 4.5 Ergonomics 4.6 Utility 4.7 Principles for Appropriate Operation 4.8 Image 4.9 Ownership 4.10 Practical Applications and System Implications 4.11 Some Sources of Errors 4.12 Interface Design Specifications 4.13 Case Studies 4.14 Summary 4.15 Recommended Reading 4.16 References 5. Packaging and Enclosures 5.1 Packaging's Influence and Its Factors 5.2 Design for Manufacture, Assembly and Disassembly 5.3 Wiring 5.4 Temperature 5.5 Vibration and Shock 5.6 Rugged Systems 5.7 Component Packaging 5.8 Other Mechanical Issues 5.9 Case Studies 5.10 Summary 5.11 Recommended Reading 5.12 References 6. Grounding and Shielding 6.1 Foundations of Circuit Operation 6.2 Outline for Grounding and Shielding Design 6.3 Safety 6.4 Noise 6.5 Priniples of Energy Coupling 6.6 Grounding 6.7 Filtering 6.8 Shielding 6.9 Protecting Against Electrostatic Discharge 6.10 General Rules for Design 6.11 Case Study 6.12 Summary 6.13 Recommended Reading 6.14 References 7. Circuit Design 7.1 From Symbols to Substance 7.2 Convert Requirements into Design 7.3 Reliability 7.4 Fault Tolerance 7.5 High-Speed Design 7.6 Low-Power Design 7.7 Noise and Error Budgets 7.8 Standard Data Buses and Networks 7.9 Reset and Power Failure Detection 7.10 Interface: Input 7.11 Interface: Output 7.12 Breadboards, Evaluation Boards, and Prototypes 7.13 Summary 7.14 Recommended Reading 7.15 References 8. Circuit Layout 8.1 Mundane but Necessary Circuit Boards 8.2 Circuit Boards 8.3 Component Placement 8.4 Routing Signal Traces 8.5 Ground, Returns, and Shields 8.6 Connectors and Cables 8.7 Design for Manufacture 8.8 Testing and Maintenance 8.9 Summary 8.10 Recommended Reading 8.11 References 9. Power 9.1 Sources and Requirements 9.2 Outline for Power Design 9.3 Buy versus Build 9.4 Power Conversion Choices 9.5 Definitions and Specifications 9.6 Power Distribution 9.7 Line Conditioning 9.8 Electromagnetic Distribution 9.9 Reliability 9.10 Batteries 9.11 Other Power Sources 9.12 Case Studies 9.13 Summary 9.14 Recommended Reading 9.15 References 10. Cooling 10.1 Heat Transfer 10.2 Approach to Thermal Management 10.3 Mechanisms for Cooling 10.4 Operating Range 10.5 Basic Thermal Calculations 10.6 Cooling Choices 10.7 Heat Sink Selection 10.8 Heat Pipes and Thermal Pillows 10.9 Fans and Forced Air Cooling 10.10 Liquid Cooling 10.11 Evaporation and Refrigeration 10.12 Trade-offs in Design 10.13 Analysis and Experimentation 10.14 Case Studies 10.15 Summary 10.16 Recommended Reading 10.17 References 11. Software 11.1 Why Software in a Book about Exercises? 11.2 Types of Software 11.3 Traditional Software Life Cycle 11.4 Models, Metrics, and Software Limitations 11.5 Risk Abatement and Failure Prevention 11.6 Software Bugs and Testing 11.7 Good Programming Practice 11.8 User Interface 11.9 Embedded, Real-Time Software 11.10 Case-Studies and Design Examples 11.11 Summary 11.12 Recommended Reading 11.13 References 12. Debugging and Testing 12.1 Understand Your Components and Circuits 12.2 Steps to Debugging 12.3 Techniques for Troubleshooting 12.4 Characterization 12.5 Electromechanical Components 12.6 Passive Components 12.7 Active Devices 12.8 Operational Amplifiers 12.9 Analog-Digital Conversion 12.10 Digital Components 12.11 Case Study: Sensor Calibration 12.12 Summary 12.13 Recommended Reading 12.14 References 13. Integration, Production, and Logistics 13.1 Putting It All Together 13.2 Inspection and Tests of Components 13.3 Simulation, Protyping, and Testing 13.4 Integration 13.5 Validation and Verification 13.6 Procurement 13.7 Manufacturing 13.8 Maintenance and Repair 13.9 Training 13.10 Disposal and Environmental Concerns 13.11 Case Study: Test System for Avionics 13.12 Summary 13.13 References Appendix A Outline of Milestones and Documents for Developing Electronic Instruments Appendix B Design Review Checklists Appendic C Software Design Tools INDEX