Testicular self-examination: a test of the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour.

The aim of this study was to test the utility and efficiency of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the health belief model (HBM) in predicting testicular self-examination (TSE) behaviour. A questionnaire was administered to an opportunistic sample of 195 undergraduates aged 18-39 years. Structural equation modelling indicated that, on the basis of all the fit indices, the TPB model was the better model, however, the quality of the models was very similar. The TPB explained 50% of the variance in intention and 22% in behaviour while the HBM (with self-efficacy) accounted for 56 and 21%, respectively. Self-efficacy was the most important predictor of TSE behavioural intention across both models. These findings contribute to the growing literature on the testing of multiple models in the health psychology domain.

[1]  P. Bentler.  Comparative Fit Indices in Structural Models , 1990 .

[2]  Albert Satorra,et al.  Asymptotic robust inferences in the analysis of mean and covariance structures , 1992 .

[3]  R. Brubaker,et al.  Encouraging College Males to Perform Testicular Self-Examination: Evaluation of a Persuasive Message Based on the Revised Theory of Reasoned Action1 , 1990 .

[4]  L. Lechner,et al.  Testicular self-examination (TSE) among Dutch young men aged 15-19: determinants of the intention to practice TSE. , 2002, Health education research.

[5]  Albert V. Carron,et al.  Application of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior to Exercise Behavior: A Meta-Analysis , 1997 .

[6]  James C. Anderson,et al.  STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING IN PRACTICE: A REVIEW AND RECOMMENDED TWO-STEP APPROACH , 1988 .

[7]  Gary Adamson,et al.  A Monte Carlo Examination of an MTMM Model With Planned Incomplete Data Structures , 2002 .

[8]  Charles Abraham,et al.  The health belief model , 2005 .

[9]  S. Shiloh,et al.  Correlates of health screening utilization: The roles of health beliefs and self-regulation motivation , 1997 .

[10]  J. Prochaska.  Health behavior change research: A consortium approach to collaborative science , 2005, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[11]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , 1977 .

[12]  Derek R. Rutter,et al.  Predicting and understanding safety helmet use among schoolboy cyclists: A comparison of the theory of planned behaviour and the health belief model , 1998 .

[13]  I. Bell.  Testicular self-examination. , 2019, Nursing Times.

[14]  M. Murray,et al.  Health beliefs, locus of control, emotional control and women's cancer screening behaviour. , 1993, The British journal of clinical psychology.

[15]  S. Sutton,et al.  Social-psychological approaches to understanding addictive behaviours: attitude-behaviour and decision-making models. , 1987, British journal of addiction.

[16]  J. Teasdale.  Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change? , 1978 .

[17]  P. Friman,et al.  Evaluation of two health education strategies for testicular self-examination. , 1995, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[18]  A. Manstead,et al.  Distinguishing between perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy in the domain of academic achievement intentions and behaviors , 1998 .

[19]  D. Terry,et al.  The theory of planned behaviour: the effects of perceived behavioural control and self-efficacy. , 1995, The British journal of social psychology.

[20]  S. Gannon.  I wish.... , 1999, Nursing times.

[21]  Charles D. Barrett.  Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior , 1980 .

[22]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior , 1975, Perspectives in Social Psychology.

[23]  K. Umeh,et al.  Perceptions of threat, benefits, and barriers in breast self-examination amongst young asymptomatic women. , 2001, British journal of health psychology.

[24]  C. Tufanaru,et al.  Health Belief Model , 2009 .

[25]  S. Sutton.  Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well Are We Doing? , 1998 .

[26]  Karl G. Jöreskog,et al.  Lisrel 8: Structural Equation Modeling With the Simplis Command Language , 1993 .

[27]  Traci Mann,et al.  From ‘I Wish’ to ‘I Will’: Social-Cognitive Predictors of Behavioral Intentions , 2003, Journal of health psychology.

[28]  A. Panter,et al.  Writing about structural equation models. , 1995 .

[29]  M. Conner,et al.  The theory of planned behaviour and health behaviours. , 1996 .

[30]  Blair H. Sheppard,et al.  The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta-Analysis of Past Research with Recommendations for Modifications and Future Research , 1988 .

[31]  M. Millar.  The effects of emotion on breast self-examination: Another look at the Health Belief Model , 1997 .

[32]  J. Wardle,et al.  Testicular self-examination: attitudes and practices among young men in Europe. , 1994, Preventive medicine.

[33]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior , 1980 .

[34]  Paul Norman,et al.  The Theory of Planned Behavior and Breast Self-Examination: Distinguishing Between Perceived Control and Self-Efficacy , 2004 .

[35]  G. Kok,et al.  The Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review of its Applications to Health-Related Behaviors , 1996, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[36]  A. Bandura.  Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[37]  J. H. Steiger.  Structural Model Evaluation and Modification: An Interval Estimation Approach. , 1990, Multivariate behavioral research.

[38]  M. Conner,et al.  Social cognition models and health behaviour: A structured review , 2000 .

[39]  Mark Conner,et al.  The theory of planned behaviour: Assessment of predictive validity and 'perceived control , 1999 .

[40]  M. Conner,et al.  The role of social cognition models in predicting attendance at health checks , 1993 .

[41]  Mark Conner,et al.  Distinguishing Perceptions of Control From Self‐Efficacy: Predicting Consumption of a Low‐Fat Diet Using the Theory of Planned Behavior , 1999 .

[42]  E. Cairns,et al.  An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to blood donation: the importance of self-efficacy. , 2004, Health education research.

[43]  Marie Johnston,et al.  Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour in Behaviour Change Interventions: A Systematic Review , 2002 .

[44]  L. Quine,et al.  Encouraging young males to perform testicular self-examination: a simple, but effective, implementation intentions intervention. , 2004, British journal of health psychology.

[45]  Verlin B. Hinsz,et al.  The Value of the Theory of Planned Behavior, Perceived Control, and Self-Efficacy Expectations for Predicting Health-Protective Behaviors , 1993 .

[46]  Stephen Sutton,et al.  Predicting uptake of a routine cervical smear test: A comparison of the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour , 2000 .

[47]  I. Ajzen.  The theory of planned behavior , 1991 .

[48]  Susan M. Moore,et al.  Predicting Testicular and Breast Self-examination Behaviour: A test of the Theory of Reasoned Action , 1998, Behaviour Change.

[49]  Timo Lajunen,et al.  Can social psychological models be used to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison of the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior and the Locus of Control. , 2004, Journal of safety research.

[50]  Paul Norman,et al.  Comparing the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour in health screening. , 1994 .

[51]  C. Abraham,et al.  Interventions to change health behaviours: evidence-based or evidence-inspired? , 2004 .

[52]  I. Rosenstock.  Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model , 1974 .

[53]  I. Ajzen.  Attitudes, Personality and Behavior , 1988 .

[54]  S. Rai,et al.  Adolescent survivors: A secondary analysis of a clinical trial targeting behavior change , 2005, Pediatric blood & cancer.

[55]  K. Jöreskog,et al.  LISREL 8: New Statistical Features , 1999 .

[56]  A. Bandura.  Social Foundations of Thought and Action , 1986 .

[57]  Alexander J. Rothman,et al.  International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , 2004 .

[58]  Neil D. Weinstein,et al.  Testing four competing theories of health-protective behavior. , 1993 .

[59]  P D Mullen,et al.  A meta-analysis of studies of the Health Belief Model with adults. , 1992, Health education research.

[60]  R. Hoyle.  Structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications , 1997 .

[61]  E. Deci,et al.  Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[62]  Robert J. Schinke,et al.  Does the Theory of Planned Behavior Mediate the Relation Between Personality and Exercise Behavior , 1999 .

[63]  J. Garb,et al.  Male college students' compliance with testicular self-examination. , 1989, Journal of adolescent health care : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[64]  E. McAuley,et al.  An examination of theory and behavior change in randomized clinical trials. , 2000, Controlled clinical trials.

[65]  R. Jeffery,et al.  How can Health Behavior Theory be made more useful for intervention research? , 2004, The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity.

[66]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[67]  Craig W. Trumbo,et al.  Mass-Mediated Information Effects on Testicular Self-Examination Among College Students , 2004, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[68]  A. McKinlay,et al.  Social Psychology and Health , 2009 .

[69]  A. Bandura.  Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. , 1977, Psychological review.

[70]  Franziska Marquart,et al.  Communication and persuasion : central and peripheral routes to attitude change , 1988 .

[71]  S. Bender,et al.  Testicular self-examination by young men: an analysis of characteristics associated with practice. , 1991, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[72]  M. Conner,et al.  The Theory of Planned Behaviour , 2004 .

[73]  P. Gollwitzer.  Goal Achievement: The Role of Intentions , 1993 .

[74]  M. Becker,et al.  The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later , 1984, Health education quarterly.

[75]  S. West,et al.  The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. , 1996 .

[76]  Derek R. Rutter,et al.  Social Psychology and Health: European Perspectives , 1994 .

[77]  R. Brubaker,et al.  Encouraging the practice of testicular self-examination: a field application of the theory of reasoned action. , 1990, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[78]  M. Conner,et al.  Predicting health behaviour : research and practice with social cognition models , 2005 .