Teaching and learning quaternary prevention

This article presents an overview of different techniques and skills necessary for teaching and learning quaternary prevention (P4). It adopts the Expertise Model that defines the competences required in P4 for each level: novice, competent, proficient, and expert. This framework should be used as a step-wise roadmap for teachers in order to achieve high levels of performance. This proposal is complemented by a list of methods applied in teaching and assessment of learners’ performance and competence. By covering a range of learning and teaching issues, those who aim to teach quaternary prevention can explore the proposed framework. Quaternary prevention is a research and teaching fertile medical field that entails the integration of different areas such as health service organisation, epidemiology, communication skills, and andragogy either at the macro or the micro levels of health related activities.

[1]  H. Welch,et al.  Overdiagnosis in cancer. , 2010, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[2]  G. Miller.  The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance , 1990, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[3]  Lisa M. Schwartz,et al.  Overdiagnosis: How cancer screening can turn indolent pathology into illness , 2014, APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica.

[4]  W. Osler,et al.  Sir William Osler aphorisms : from his bedside teachings and writings , 1961 .

[5]  J. Gérvas,et al.  Uso y abuso del poder médico para definir enfermedad y factor de riesgo, en relación con la prevención cuaternaria , 2006 .

[6]  J. Gérvas,et al.  Quaternary prevention: a task of the general practitioner. , 2010 .

[7]  M. Jamoulle.  The four duties of family doctors. Quaternary prevention: First, do no harm , 2014 .

[8]  B. Starfield,et al.  Policy relevant determinants of health: an international perspective. , 2002, Health policy.

[9]  Arthur Kleinman,et al.  Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture , 2023 .

[10]  R. Moynihan,et al.  Disease Mongering Is Now Part of the Global Health Debate , 2008, PLoS medicine.

[11]  Paul S. Rhoads,et al.  Sir William Osler, Aphorisms from His Bedside Teachings and Writings , 1961 .

[12]  T. Chen,et al.  First do no harm: a real need to deprescribe in older patients , 2015, The Medical journal of Australia.

[13]  P. Gøtzsche.  Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime , 2013 .

[14]  J. Metsemakers,et al.  Early clinical exposure in medical curricula across Europe: An overview , 2009, The European journal of general practice.

[15]  M. Knowles.  The adult learner : a neglected species , 1979 .