Experimentation with a transcranial magnetic simulation system for functional brain mapping

We describe functional brain mapping experiments using a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device. This device, when placed on a subject's scalp, stimulates the underlying neurons by generating focused magnetic field pulses. A brain mapping is then generated by measuring responses of different motor and sensory functions to this stimulation. The key process in generating this mapping is the association of the 3D positions and orientations of the TMS probe on the scalp to a 3D brain reconstruction such as is feasible with a magnetic resonance image (MRI). We have developed a system which not only generates functional brain maps using such a device, but also provides real-time feedback to guide the technician in placing the probe at appropriate points on the head for achieving the desired map resolution. Functional areas we have mapped are the motor and visual cortex. Validation experiments to date have consisted of repeatability and symmetry tests for mapping the same subjects several times. Applications of the technique include neuranatomy research, surgical planning and guidance, treatment and disease monitoring, and therapeutic procedures.

[1]  Berthold K. P. Horn,et al.  Closed-form solution of absolute orientation using unit quaternions , 1987 .

[2]  Paul J. Besl,et al.  A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes , 1992, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[3]  M. Hallett,et al.  Noninvasive mapping of muscle representations in human motor cortex. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[4]  Tomas Lozano-Perez,et al.  An automatic registration method for frameless stereotaxy, image guided surgery, and enhanced reality visualization , 1996 .

[5]  Gil J. Ettinger.  Hierarchical three-dimensional medical image registration , 1997 .

[6]  B U Meyer,et al.  Magnetic stimuli applied over motor and visual cortex: influence of coil position and field polarity on motor responses, phosphenes, and eye movements. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[7]  W. Eric L. Grimson,et al.  Evaluating and Validating an Automated Registration System for Enhanced Reality Visualization in Surgery , 1995, CVRMed.

[8]  V E Amassian,et al.  Mapping of motor cortex gyral sites non-invasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects and patients. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[9]  Nicholas Ayache,et al.  Locally affine registration of free-form surfaces , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[10]  R. Belmaker,et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A potential new frontier in psychiatry , 1995, Biological Psychiatry.

[11]  V. Amassian,et al.  Modelling magnetic coil excitation of human cerebral cortex with a peripheral nerve immersed in a brain-shaped volume conductor: the significance of fiber bending in excitation. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[12]  J C Rothwell,et al.  The polarity of the induced electric field influences magnetic coil inhibition of human visual cortex: implications for the site of excitation. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[13]  V. Amassian,et al.  Magnetic coil stimulation of straight and bent amphibian and mammalian peripheral nerve in vitro: locus of excitation. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[14]  William H. Press,et al.  Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN - The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition , 1987 .

[15]  R. Kikinis,et al.  Non-invasive functional brain mapping using registered transcranial magnetic stimulation , 1996, Proceedings of the Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Image Analysis.

[16]  V Zemon,et al.  Magnetic coil stimulation of human visual cortex: studies of perception. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[17]  A. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Induction of visual extinction by rapid‐rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of parietal lobe , 1994, Neurology.

[18]  Richard A. Robb,et al.  New approach to 3-D registration of multimodality medical images by surface matching , 1992, Other Conferences.

[19]  V. Amassian,et al.  Suppression of visual perception by magnetic coil stimulation of human occipital cortex. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[20]  A T Barker,et al.  Magnetic stimulation of the human brain and peripheral nervous system: an introduction and the results of an initial clinical evaluation. , 1987, Neurosurgery.

[21]  F. A. Seiler,et al.  Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing , 1989 .

[22]  Mark Hallett,et al.  Locating the Motor Cortex on the MRI with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and PET , 1996, NeuroImage.

[23]  Takeo Kanade,et al.  Fast and accurate shape-based registration , 1996 .

[24]  W. Eric L. Grimson,et al.  Adaptive Segmentation of MRI Data , 1995, CVRMed.

[25]  E Marg,et al.  Finding the depth of magnetic brain stimulation: a re-evaluation. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[26]  Charles M. Epstein,et al.  Localizing the site of magnetic brain stimulation in humans , 1990, Neurology.

[27]  Richard Szeliski,et al.  Matching 3D anatomical surfaces with nonrigid deformations using octree splines , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[28]  William H. Press,et al.  Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing , 1992 .

[29]  W. Eric L. Grimson,et al.  Segmentation of Brain Tissue from MR Images , 1995, CVRMed.

[30]  Tomas Lozano-Perez,et al.  Automatic : Registration for Multiple Sclerosis Change Detection , 2004 .

[31]  C. Pelizzari,et al.  Accurate Three‐Dimensional Registration of CT, PET, and/or MR Images of the Brain , 1989, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[32]  R. Heckmann,et al.  Significance of shape and size of the stimulating coil in magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex , 1989, Neuroscience Letters.