The contribution of diatoms to bioflocs lipid content and the performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a BFT culture system

This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of three diatom species on the lipid content of bioflocs, their permanence on the bioflocs and influence on the growth performance of juvenile shrimps. Juveniles of Litopenaeus vannamei were reared (30 days; three replicates per treatment) in biofloc systems inoculated with diatoms Amphora coffeaeformis (A), Cylindrotheca closterium (C), Conticribra weissflogii (W), or biofloc only (BF, chlorophycean rich). Water quality parameters were monitored daily and the microbiota on days 1, 10, 20 and 30. The lipid content and fatty acid profiles of bioflocs were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Shrimp survival rate (99%) at treatment A was significantly higher than at BF. The bioflocs in A treatment presented the highest lipid content, differing significantly from BF and W. The content of EPA (20:5) (n-3) was significantly higher in A and lower in BF, while linoleic acid (18:2) (n-6) was significantly higher in BF. The results indicate that high cell density of diatoms can be successfully maintained with silicate addition in biofloc systems and that the pennate A. coffeaeformis and the centric C. weissflogii are potentially better suited than the pennate C. closterium as food supplements for shrimp diets in biofloc nurseries system.

[1]  D. Gatlin,et al.  Dietary effect of squid and fish meals on growth and survival of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in the presence or absence of phytoplankton in an indoor tank system , 2012 .

[2]  L. Pan,et al.  Preliminary investigation into the contribution of bioflocs on protein nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with different dietary protein levels in zero-water exchange culture tanks , 2012 .

[3]  W. Wasielesky,et al.  Effect of diatom supplementation during the nursery rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a heterotrophic culture system , 2012, Aquaculture International.

[4]  Yang Yu,et al.  Isolation of Four Diatom Strains from Tidal Mud toward Biofuel Production , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology.

[5]  Shen Ma,et al.  Effects of carbohydrate addition on Litopenaeus vannamei intensive culture in a zero-water exchange system , 2012 .

[6]  W. Wasielesky,et al.  Effect of low salinity on microbial floc composition and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles reared in a zero‐water‐exchange super‐intensive system , 2012 .

[7]  C. Browdy,et al.  Consumption and digestion of suspended microbes by juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei , 2011 .

[8]  S. Moss,et al.  Growth-Enhancing Effect of Pond Water on Four Size Classes of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , 2011 .

[9]  Paulo Cesar Abreu,et al.  Production of FAMEs from several microalgal lipidic extracts and direct transesterification of the Chlorella pyrenoidosa , 2011 .

[10]  W. Wasielesky,et al.  Effect of biofloc technology (BFT) on the early postlarval stage of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis: growth performance, floc composition and salinity stress tolerance , 2011, Aquaculture International.

[11]  S. Wilde,et al.  Characterization of microbial communities in minimal-exchange, intensive aquaculture systems and the effects of suspended solids management , 2010 .

[12]  I. Forster,et al.  Effects of supplementing two species of marine algae or their fractions to a formulated diet on growth, survival and composition of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) , 2009 .

[13]  C. Browdy,et al.  Oxygen consumption of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles in heterotrophic medium with zero water exchange , 2009 .

[14]  Sanjoy Banerjee,et al.  Evaluation of indigenous marine periphytic Amphora, Navicula and Cymbella grown on substrate as feed supplement in Penaeus monodon postlarval hatchery system , 2009 .

[15]  W. Verstraete,et al.  The basics of bio-flocs technology: The added value for aquaculture , 2008 .

[16]  A. Tacon,et al.  Effect of Shrimp Stocking Density on Size‐fractionated Phytoplankton and Ecological Groups of Ciliated Protozoa within Zero‐water Exchange Shrimp Culture Systems , 2007 .

[17]  Y. Avnimelech.  Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds , 2007 .

[18]  W. Wasielesky,et al.  Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei , 2006 .

[19]  M. Timmons,et al.  Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems , 2006 .

[20]  J. Hargreaves.  Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture , 2006 .

[21]  John J. Lee,et al.  Effect of diatom diets on growth and survival of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai postlarvae , 2006 .

[22]  T. Samocha,et al.  Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools , 2005 .

[23]  O. Decamp,et al.  Ingestion of a ciliated protozoa by first-feeding larval stage of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) , 2004 .

[24]  G. Underwood,et al.  ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON EXOPOLYMER PRODUCTION BY MARINE BENTHIC DIATOMS: DYNAMICS, CHANGES IN COMPOSITION, AND PATHWAYS OF PRODUCTION 1 , 2004 .

[25]  Yong-Chin Lin,et al.  Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels , 2003 .

[26]  P. J. Thompson,et al.  Nutrient and microbial dynamics in high-intensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize , 2003 .

[27]  A. Tacon,et al.  Effect of salinity on natural community and production of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), within experimental zero-water exchange culture systems , 2003 .

[28]  M. Zhu,et al.  Extraction of lipids from Mortierella alpina and enrichment of arachidonic acid from the fungal lipids. , 2002, Bioresource technology.

[29]  L. Stal,et al.  DAILY FLUCTUATIONS OF EXOPOLYMERS IN CULTURES OF THE BENTHIC DIATOMS CYLINDROTHECA CLOSTERIUM AND NITZSCHIA SP. (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1 , 2002 .

[30]  A. Tacon,et al.  Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets , 2002 .

[31]  Wolfgang Beisker,et al.  Interception of Small Particles by Flocculent Structures, Sessile Ciliates, and the Basic Layer of a Wastewater Biofilm , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[32]  Yong-Chin Lin,et al.  Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei Boone juveniles at different salinity levels. , 2001, Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology.

[33]  A. Decho.  Microbial biofilms in intertidal systems: an overview , 2000 .

[34]  David J. Smith,et al.  The production of extracellular carbohydrates by estuarine benthic diatoms: the effects of growth phase and light and dark treatment , 2000 .

[35]  Lucas J. Stal,et al.  Oxygenic photosynthesis as driving process in exopolysaccharide production of benthic diatoms , 2000 .

[36]  Alan Warren,et al.  The role of ciliated protozoa in subsurface flow wetlands and their potential as bioindicators , 1999 .

[37]  Y. Avnimelech.  Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems , 1999 .

[38]  P. Abreu,et al.  The use of microorganisms as food source for Penaeus paulensis larvae , 1999 .

[39]  David L. Parry,et al.  The gross chemical composition and fatty acid composition of 18 species of tropical Australian microalgae for possible use in mariculture , 1999 .

[40]  L. Ross,et al.  The effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931 , 1997 .

[41]  Yuan-Kun Lee,et al.  Determination of biomass dry weight of marine microalgae , 1997, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[42]  Malcolm R. Brown,et al.  Nutritional properties of microalgae for mariculture , 1997 .

[43]  S. Moss,et al.  Characterization of organic particles associated with rapid growth in juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Boone, reared under intensive culture conditions , 1995 .

[44]  N. Welschmeyer.  Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments , 1994 .

[45]  S. Moss.  Growth rates, nucleic acid concentrations, and RNADNA ratios of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei boone, fed different algal diets , 1994 .

[46]  E. Jones,et al.  Cytochemical and electron microscopical observations on the adhesive materials of marine fouling diatoms , 1987 .

[47]  M. Brzezinski,et al.  THE Si:C:N RATIO OF MARINE DIATOMS: INTERSPECIFIC VARIABILITY AND THE EFFECT OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES 1 , 1985 .

[48]  L. D. Metcalfe,et al.  The Rapid Preparation of Fatty Acid Esters for Gas Chromatographic Analysis , 1961 .

[49]  Manecas Francisco Baloi,et al.  Performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei raised in biofloc systems with varying levels of light exposure , 2013 .

[50]  An-Chin Lee,et al.  Effects of low dissolved oxygen on the digging behaviour and metabolism of the hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) , 2012 .

[51]  C. Browdy,et al.  Photosynthesis, water respiration and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a super-intensive raceway culture with zero water exchange: Interaction of water quality variables , 2010 .

[52]  I. Forster,et al.  Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floc cultures by biomarkers and analysis of floc amino acid profiles , 2008 .

[53]  T. Samocha,et al.  The effect of a commercial bacterial supplement on the high-density culturing of Litopenaeus vannamei with a low-protein diet in an outdoor tank system and no water exchange , 2000 .

[54]  A. Decho,et al.  Microbial exopolymer secretions in ocean environments: their role(s) in food webs and marine processes , 1990 .

[55]  R. Guillard,et al.  Culture of Phytoplankton for Feeding Marine Invertebrates , 1975 .