Cognitive and Emotional Neuroprostheses

The preceding chapters describe BCI applications that restore motor or communication functions of the brain to patients paralyzed by spinal cord injuries or muscular dystrophies. These BCIs extract electrophysiological signals from healthy motor cortices and process them into control commands for computers, robotic machines, or communication devices. The brain can suffer damage directly, however, from genetic disorders or injuries from stroke or disease. Damage to the brain can lead to numerous cognitive impairments, such as memory loss, mood or personality alterations, and even behavioral changes that include motor or communication dysfunction. This chapter presents some of the developments of neuroprostheses that aim to address such cognitive or emotional dysfunction. A major challenge for cognitive prostheses is that the neural code for their intended tasks is not yet elucidated. Unlike motor cortex signals where neuronal activity is tuned to desired motion direction, speed, and even grip force that can be decoded (Chapter 5), or large EEG components that can be readily classified (Chapter 7), the coding for cognitive processes is still being deciphered. The following cognitive prostheses thus have devised ingenious strategies to overcome or bypass this obstacle in using higher cognitive functions for BCI applications.

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