Towards Functional-Structural Analysis of Forest Stands with LIGNUM

The model LIGNUM presents coniferous and deciduous trees with simple structural units called tree segment (TS), branching point (BP) and bud (B) that have close likeness to real tree parts. The main functioning unit is the cylindrical tree segment consisting of heartwood, sapwood and foliage. Figure Ia introduces a model tree for conifers and Figure Ib simulated Scots pine. Figure IIa reveals a model tree with explicit leaves for deciduous species and Figure IIb is a simulated sugar maple.