Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing

In recognizing the importance of educating aspiring scientists in the responsible conduct of research (RCR), the Office of Research Integrity (ORI), began sponsoring in 2002 the creation of instructional resources to address this pressing need. The present guide on avoiding plagiarism and other inappropriate writing practices was created, in part, to meet this need. Its purpose is to help students, as well as professionals, identify and prevent such practices and to develop an awareness of ethical writing. This guide is one of the many products stemming from ORI‟s educational initiatives in the RCR.

[1]  R. K. Young,et al.  Duplicate publication in the nursing literature. , 1995, Image--the journal of nursing scholarship.

[2]  J. Watson,et al.  Conditioned emotional reactions , 1920 .

[3]  Judith Gunn Bronson,et al.  Successful writing at work , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication.

[4]  Cheryl Iverson,et al.  American Medical Association manual of style , 1989 .

[5]  Miguel Roig,et al.  Re-Using Text from One's Own Previously Published Papers: An Exploratory Study of Potential Self-Plagiarism , 2005, Psychological reports.

[6]  Mike Rossner,et al.  Show me the data , 2007, The Journal of cell biology.

[7]  L. Farrand THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. , 1897, Science.

[8]  A. Gilchrist The perception of surface blacks and whites. , 1979, Scientific American.

[9]  F. Hildner,et al.  Redundant publication. , 1997, Catheterization and cardiovascular diagnosis.

[10]  L. Opie Conflict of interest in the debate over calcium-channel antagonists. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  Miguel Roig,et al.  Plagiarism and Paraphrasing Criteria of College and University Professors , 2001 .

[12]  A. Pennycook Borrowing Others' Words: Text, Ownership, Memory, and Plagiarism , 1996 .

[13]  John Flowerdew,et al.  Language Re-use among Chinese Apprentice Scientists Writing for Publication , 2007 .

[14]  M. Zigmond,et al.  Beyond fabrication and plagiarism: The little murders of everyday science , 2002, Science and engineering ethics.

[15]  Nicholas H. Steneck,et al.  Assessing the Integrity of Publicly Funded Research , 2004 .

[16]  Erik von Elm,et al.  Different patterns of duplicate publication: an analysis of articles used in systematic reviews. , 2004, JAMA.

[17]  Statement on plagiarism , 2008 .

[18]  Guangwei Hu,et al.  The Misleading Academic Discourse on Chinese–English Bilingual Education in China , 2008 .

[19]  M. Tramèr,et al.  Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: a case study , 1997, BMJ.

[20]  P. Gosling DORLAND’S ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL DICTIONARY , 2003, Australasian Chiropractic & Osteopathy.

[21]  J. Kassirer,et al.  Redundant publication: a reminder. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[22]  L W Bivens,et al.  Responsible conduct of research. , 1991, ASHA.

[23]  Alan S. Brown,et al.  Cryptomnesia: Delineating Inadvertent Plagiarism , 2004 .

[24]  Glenn D. Deckert A Pedagogical Response to Learned Plagiarism among Tertiary-Level ESL Students. , 1992 .

[25]  Margaret Lightbody,et al.  Enhancing Students' Understanding of Plagiarism within a Discipline Context , 2008 .

[26]  Melissa S. Anderson,et al.  Ethical Problems in Academic Research , 1993 .

[27]  P. Steinbok Ethical considerations relating to writing a medical scientific paper for publication , 1995, Child's Nervous System.

[28]  Angela L. Walker Preventing unintentional plagiarism: a method for strengthening paraphrasing skills , 2008 .

[29]  Patricia Weigand,et al.  DORLAND'S ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL DICTIONARY, 26th edition , 1981 .

[30]  P. Vincent American Medical Association manual of style: a guide for authors and editors , 1999 .

[31]  Kenneth D. Butterfield,et al.  Honor Codes and Other Contextual Influences on Academic Integrity: A Replication and Extension to Modified Honor Code Settings , 2002 .

[32]  D. Taylor The appropriate use of references in a scientific research paper , 2002 .

[33]  Eugen Tarnow,et al.  The authorship list in science: Junior physicists’ perceptions of who appears and why , 1999 .

[34]  Karen L Woolley,et al.  Goodbye Ghostwriters!: How to work ethically and efficiently with professional medical writers. , 2006, Chest.

[35]  C. Gross,et al.  Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: a systematic review. , 2003, JAMA.

[36]  B. Djulbegovic,et al.  Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[37]  Jama Notice Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals , 1985, The New Zealand medical journal.

[38]  M. Fine,et al.  Reflections on determining authorship credit and authorship order on faculty-student collaborations , 1993 .

[39]  Steven Woloshin,et al.  Press releases: translating research into news. , 2002, JAMA.

[40]  Peter Mark Roget,et al.  The New American Roget's College Thesaurus: In Dictionary Form , 2002 .

[41]  G. Bower,et al.  Eliciting cryptomnesia: unconscious plagiarism in a puzzle task. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[42]  Lise Buranen,et al.  Perspectives on plagiarism and intellectual property in a postmodern world , 1999 .

[43]  Sing-Hoi Sze,et al.  Corepressor-Dependent Silencing of Chromosomal Regions Encoding Neuronal Genes , 2002, Science.

[44]  Dl Dmitry Danilov,et al.  Tolerance of Cheating: An Analysis Across Countries , 2002 .

[45]  C. Leukefeld,et al.  Victimization and Substance Abuse among Women: Contributing Factors, Interventions, and Implications , 2002 .

[46]  D. Moher,et al.  The Revised CONSORT Statement for Reporting Randomized Trials: Explanation and Elaboration , 2001, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[47]  P. Rochon,et al.  Haunted Manuscripts: Ghost Authorship in the Medical Literature , 2005, Accountability in research.

[48]  Miguel Roig,et al.  When College Students' Attempts at Paraphrasing Become Instances of Potential Plagiarism , 1999 .

[49]  Arthur L. Blumenthal,et al.  On The Trail of Little Albert , 1989 .

[50]  Valerie C. Scanlon,et al.  Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology , 1991 .

[51]  E. Wager,et al.  European Medical Writers Association (EMWA) guidelines on the role of medical writers in developing peer-reviewed publications , 2005, Current medical research and opinion.

[52]  Jan A. Pechenik A short guide to writing about biology , 1987 .

[53]  Miguel Roig,et al.  Can undergraduate students determine whether text has been plagiarized? , 1997 .

[54]  A G Wheeler,et al.  The pressure to publish promotes disreputable science , 1989 .

[55]  S S Siegelman Advice to authors. , 1988, Radiology.

[56]  M. Petrovecki,et al.  On academic plagiarism in Europe. An analytical approach based on four studies , 2008 .

[57]  Tom Jefferson,et al.  Redundant publication in biomedical sciences: Scientific misconduct or necessity? , 1998, Science and engineering ethics.

[58]  Alan S. Brown,et al.  Cryptomnesia and source memory difficulties , 1991 .

[59]  Mathieu Bouville,et al.  Plagiarism: Words and Ideas , 2008, Sci. Eng. Ethics.

[60]  Robert Siebers,et al.  Accuracy of references in five leading medical journals , 2000, The Lancet.

[61]  Joel R. Levin,et al.  Publishing in the Journal of Educational Psychology: Reflections at midstream. , 1993 .