State-of-the-art of two-phase flow and flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop of CO2 in macro- and micro-channels.

A comprehensive review of flow boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow of CO2 is presented that covers both macro-channel tests (diameters greater than about 3 mm) and micro-channel investigations (diameters less than about 3 mm). The review addresses flow boiling heat transfer experimental studies, macro- and micro-scale heat transfer prediction methods for CO2 and comparisons of these methods to the experimental database, highlighting the various limitations of current approaches and the divergence of some data sets from others. In addition, two-phase flow pattern results available in the literature are summarized and compared to some of the leading flow pattern maps, showing significant deviations for CO2 from the maps prepared for other fluids at lower pressures. Available two-phase pressure drop data for CO2 are also compared to leading prediction methods.

[1]  Min-Soo Kim,et al.  Characteristics of evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of carbon dioxide and correlation development , 2004 .

[2]  John R. Thome,et al.  Prediction of Two-Phase Pressure Gradients of Refrigerants in Horizontal Tubes , 2002 .

[3]  Jostein Pettersen,et al.  Flow vaporization of CO2 in microchannel tubes , 2004 .

[4]  M. Cooper.  Heat Flow Rates in Saturated Nucleate Pool Boiling-A Wide-Ranging Examination Using Reduced Properties , 1984 .

[5]  Fujita Toshihiko,et al.  Heat transfer to falling liquid films and film breakdown—II: Saturated liquid films with nucleate boiling , 1978 .

[6]  J. Thome,et al.  Flow Boiling in Horizontal Tubes: Part 2—New Heat Transfer Data for Five Refrigerants , 1998 .

[7]  J. Thome,et al.  Investigation of Flow Boiling in Horizontal Tubes: Part II, Development of a New Heat Transfer Model for Stratified-Wavy, Dryout and Mist Flow Regimes , 2005 .

[8]  Hans Jørgen Høgaard Knudsen,et al.  Heat transfer coeffcient for boiling carbon dioxide. , 1997 .

[9]  L. Friedel.  Improved Friction Pressure Drop Correlation for Horizontal and Vertical Two-Phase Pipe Flow , 1979 .

[10]  Tatsuhiro Ueda,et al.  Heat transfer to falling liquid films and film breakdown—I: Subcooled liquid films , 1978 .

[11]  J. Thome,et al.  Flow Boiling in Horizontal Tubes. Part 1; Development of a Diabatic Two–Phase Flow Pattern Map , 1998 .

[12]  Two-Phase Flow Patterns in Microchannel Vaporization of CO2 at Near-Critical Pressure , 2004 .

[13]  R. Radermacher,et al.  A study of flow boiling heat transfer with refrigerant mixtures , 1989 .

[14]  J. Thome,et al.  Flow Boiling in Horizontal Tubes: Part 3—Development of a New Heat Transfer Model Based on Flow Pattern , 1998 .

[15]  J. C. Chen.  Correlation for Boiling Heat Transfer to Saturated Fluids in Convective Flow , 1966 .

[16]  J. Thome,et al.  Local Flow Boiling and Pressure Drop Measurements for R134a/Oil Mixtures Part 1: Evaporating in a Microfin Tube , 1997 .

[17]  Rin Yun,et al.  Flow regimes for horizontal two-phase flow of CO2 in a heated narrow rectangular channel , 2004 .

[18]  K. Gungor,et al.  A general correlation for flow boiling in tubes and annuli , 1986 .

[19]  P. Kew,et al.  Correlations for the prediction of boiling heat transfer in small-diameter channels , 1997 .

[20]  K. Stephan,et al.  Heat-transfer correlations for natural convection boiling , 1980 .

[21]  Min-Soo Kim,et al.  Boiling heat transfer and dryout phenomenon of CO2 in a horizontal smooth tube , 2003 .

[22]  E. Hihara,et al.  Boiling Heat Transfer of Carbon Dioxide in a Horizontal Tubes , 2005 .

[23]  H. Müller-Steinhagen,et al.  A simple friction pressure drop correlation for two-phase flow in pipes , 1986 .

[24]  J. Thome,et al.  Investigation of Flow Boiling in Horizontal Tubes: Part I, A New Diabatic Two-Phase Flow Pattern Map , 2005 .

[25]  J. Thome,et al.  Two-Phase Flow Pattern Map for Evaporation in Horizontal Tubes: Latest Version , 2003 .

[26]  M. Kind,et al.  Flow pattern and heat transfer characteristics during flow boiling of CO2 in a horizontal micro fin tube and comparison with smooth tube data , 2005 .

[27]  G. Wallis.  One Dimensional Two-Phase Flow , 1969 .

[28]  J. Thome,et al.  Flow boiling heat transfer to carbon dioxide: general prediction method , 2004 .

[29]  Xiulan Huai,et al.  An experimental study of flow boiling characteristics of carbon dioxide in multiport mini channels , 2004 .

[30]  Armin Hafner,et al.  Heat transfer and pressure drop for in-tube evaporation of CO2 , 1997 .

[31]  Min-Soo Kim,et al.  Convective boiling heat transfer characteristics of CO2 in microchannels , 2005 .

[32]  D. Chisholm,et al.  Pressure gradients due to friction during the flow of evaporating two-phase mixtures in smooth tubes and channels , 1973 .

[33]  P. Domanski,et al.  A Study of In-Tube Evaporation Heat Transfer of Carbon Dioxide | NIST , 2003 .

[34]  J. Thome,et al.  Evaporation of Ammonia in a Smooth Horizontal Tube: Heat Transfer Measurements and Predictions , 1999 .

[35]  S. Rouhani,et al.  CALCULATION OF VOID VOLUME FRACTION IN THE SUBCOOLED AND QUALITY BOILING REGIONS , 1970 .

[36]  Satish G. Kandlikar,et al.  Evolution of Microchannel Flow Passages--Thermohydraulic Performance and Fabrication Technology , 2003 .

[37]  M. Shah.  Chart correlation for saturated boiling heat transfer: Equations and further study , 1982 .

[38]  R. Winterton,et al.  A general correlation for saturated and subcooled flow boiling in tubes and annuli, based on a nucleate pool boiling equation , 1991 .

[39]  S. Kandlikar.  A General Correlation for Saturated Two-Phase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Inside Horizontal and Vertical Tubes , 1990 .

[40]  W. Zhang,et al.  Correlation for flow boiling heat transfer in mini-channels , 2004 .

[41]  John R. Thome,et al.  Heat Transfer Model for Evaporation in Microchannels, Part II: Comparison with the Database , 2004 .

[42]  J. Thome,et al.  Flow Boiling and Pressure Drop Measurements for R-134a/Oil Mixtures Part 1: Evaporation in a Microfin Tube , 1997 .

[43]  John R. Thome.  Two-Phase Heat Transfer Using No-Phase Flow Models? , 2004 .

[44]  S. Klein,et al.  NIST Standard Reference Database 23: NIST Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Refrigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures-REFPROP, Version 6.0 | NIST , 1998 .

[45]  D. L. Bennett,et al.  Forced convective boiling in vertical tubes for saturated pure components and binary mixtures , 1980 .

[46]  F. Dittus,et al.  Heat transfer in automobile radiators of the tubular type , 1930 .

[47]  John R. Thome,et al.  Heat Transfer Model for Evaporation in Microchannels, Part I: Presentation of the Model , 2004 .

[48]  Rin Yun,et al.  Critical quality prediction for saturated flow boiling of CO2 in horizontal small diameter tubes , 2003 .