DNA-Based Nanopharmaceuticals

Nanopharmaceuticals are systems in which therapeutic drug delivery works at the nanoscale. Even though several such systems are developed, most of them possess significant drawbacks. Some noted drawbacks include immunogenicity, cytotoxicity, accessibility to the target tissue, in vivo stability, biocompatibility, and effort in synthesizing procedure composed of complicated chemical reactions or techniques. Therefore, studies concerned with the fabrication of nanostructures based on biomolecules gained wide interest. The unique characteristics of biomolecules like DNA enable them to self-assemble and develop into variable nanostructures having tremendous applications. In this review, we focus on nanostructures fabricated from DNA. Their biocompatibility, structural stability, and unique recognition sites make them most suitable building blocks for the development of smart nanostructures. The first DNA-based nanostructure was a stick cube with a motif-based design. Incorporation of materials like polymers, development of newer technique like DNA origami, and the possibility of further modifications in the developed structures enable its high utility. In this review, we discuss concepts and applications of DNA nanostructures, DNA–polymer assembly, DNA origami technique, and structural modifications of DNA nanostructures.

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